CALIFORNIA 

AND 

THE  ORIENTAL 


This  is  a  volume  in  the 
Arno  Press  collection 


THE  ASIAN  EXPERIENCE 
IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

Chinese  and  Japanese 


Advisory  Editor 
Roger  Daniels 


Editorial  Board 

Gordon  Hirabayashi 

Harry  H.L.  Kitano 

H.  Brett  Mclendy 

Howard  Palmer 

Betty  Lee  Sung 


See  last  pages  of  this  volume 
for  a  complete  list  of  titles 


CALIFORNIA 


AND    THE 


ORIENTAL 


STATE  BOARD    OF  CONTROL 
OF    CALIFORNIA 


NYTj 


ARNO  PRESS 

A  New  York  Times  Company 
New  York.  1978 


Reprint  Edition  1978  by  Arno  Press  Inc. 

Reprinted  from  a  copy  in  the  Princeton  University 
Library 

THE  ASIAN  EXPERIENCE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA: 

Chinese  and  Japanese 

ISBN  for  complete  set:  0-405-11261-0 

See  last  pages  of  this  volume  for  titles. 

Manufactured  in  the  United  States  of  America 


Library  of  Congress  Cataloging  in  Publication  Data 

California.  State  Board  of  Control. 
California  and  the  Oriental. 

(The  Asian  experience  in  North  America  :   Chinese  and 
Japanese) 

Reprint  of  the  1920  ed.  published  by  California  State 
Printing  Office,  Sacramento. 

Includes  index. 

1.  Japanese  in  California.  2.  Chinese  in  Cali- 
fornia. 3-  East  Indians  in  California.  I.  Title. 
II.  Series. 

JV6888.C2A2  1978        301.U5'19'5079i+   78-5^*809 
ISBN  0-ii05-11265-3 


CALIFORNIA 

AND    THE 

ORIENTAL 

JAPANESE,  CHINESE.  AND  HINDUS 


REPORT   OF 

STATE   BOARD    OF   CONTROL 
OF    CALIFORNIA 

TO 

GOV.  WM.  D.  STEPHENS 


JUNE    19.     1920 


ERRATA 

On  page  104.  lino  13,  the  word  "Amounting"' 
should  read  "Amounts." 

On  page  17."».  line  15,  the  word  "January" 
should  read  "June." 

On  page  184,  line  3,  the  word  "DeBecker's" 
should   read  "Ix)enliolm's." 

On  page  197,  line  3  second  paragraph,  the 
word  "they"  should  be  omitted. 


CONTENTS. 

l.KTTER   OP   GOVKRNOR   WM.    D.    STEPHENS  TO   SECRETARY   OF   STATE 

BAINBRIDOE  COLBY,  WASHINGTON,   D.   C 7 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 17 

FOREWORD    19 

Sec.         I.   POPULATION    21 

;c.       II.    BIRTH    RATE    33 

Sec.     III.   LAND   43 

Sec.      IV.   F'INANCING 75 

EC.        V.   FISHING  INDUSTRY 87 

Sec.      VI.   LABOR 97 

Sec.    VIL   CORPORATIONS    129 

Sec.  VIII.   PICTURE    BRIDES    135 

Sec.      IX.   GENTLEMEN'S    AGREEMENT    157 

Sec.       X.   SMUGGLING    171 

Sec.      XL   CITIZENSHIP   177 

Sec.    XII.   SCHOOLS    193 

Sec.  XIII.   APPENDIX    199 

Memorial  Address  by  Japanese  Association  of  America  (in  California)  203 
"Japanese  Farming"  by  Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of  California  216 
Initiative  Petition  seeking  amendment  of  California  Land  Law 229 


Governor  William  D.  Stephens 
of  California 


presents 


The  Oriental  Question 


to 


Secretary  of  State  Bainbridge  Colby 

Washington,  D.  C. 


STATP]  OP  CALIFORNIA 
GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE 

Sacramento,  June  19,  1920. 
Hon.  Bainbridge  Colby, 
Secretary  of  State, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  official  report  pre- 
pared and  filed  with  me  by  the  State  Board  of  Control  of  California 
on  the  subject  of  Oriental  immigration,  population  and  land  ownership. 

The  subject  is  one  of  such  transcendent  importance  to  the  people 
of  California,  and  is  so  potential  with  future  difficulties  between  the 
United  States  of  America  and  the  Oriental  countries,  that  I  deem  it 
my  duty  in  forwarding?  the  report  to  outline  in  brief  the  history  of 
the  development  of  the  Japanese  problem  in  California,  together  with 
the  legislation  already  enacted  and  that  now  pending.  In  doing  so 
I  trust  I  may  be  able  clearly  to  lay  before  you  the  necessity  of  action 
by  our  Federal  government  in  the  attainment  of  a  permanent  solution 
of  this  matter. 

While  the  report  deals  with  the  problem  as  an  entire  Asiatic  one, 
the  present  acute  situation  is  occasioned  specifically  by  the  increase 
in  population  and  land  ownership  of  the  Japanese.  Forty  years  ago 
the  California  race  problem  was  essentially  a  Chinese  problem.  At 
that  time  our  Japanese  population  was  negligible.  The  Chinese 
immigrants,  however,  were  arriving  in  such  numbers  that  the  people 
of  the  entire  Pacific  slope  became  alarmed  at  a  threatened  inundation 
of  our  white  civilization  by  this  Oriental  influx. 

Popular  feeling  developed  to  such  a  pitch  that  many  unfortunate 
incidents  occurred  of  grave  wrong  done  to  individual  Chinese  as  the 
result  of  mob  and  other  illegal  violence.  Our  country  became  awakened 
at  the  growing  danger,  and  Congress  passed  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Act 
providing  for  the  exclusion  of  all  Chinese  laborers  and  the  registration 
of  all  Chinese  at  that  time  lawfully  within  the  country.  The  statute 
was  sufficiently  comprehensive  effectively  to  exclude  further  Chinese 
immigration  and  to  make  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  the  evasion  of 
the  spirit  of  the  act.  As  a  result  of  this  enactment  there  has  been  a 
substantial  reduction  in  the  Chinese  population  of  California. 

In  the  meantime,  however,  we  have  been  developing  an  even  more 
serious  problem  by  reason  of  the  influx  to  our  shores  of  Japanese 
labor.     Twenty  years  ago  our  Japanese  population  was  nominal.     Ten 


S  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

years  ago  the  census  reports  of  the  United  States  government  showed 
a  Japanese  population  in  California  of  41,356.  A  survey  and  computa- 
tion recently  made  by  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State  of  California 
indicates  that  at  the  present  time  this  Japanese  population  has  been 
more  than  doubled — it  amounting  now  to  87,279.  The  l)e.st  figures 
available  indicate  that  our  Japanese  population  comprises  between 
80  and  85  per  cent  of  the  total  Japanese  population  of  continental 
United  States. 

~  The  Japanese  in  our  midst  have  indicated  a  strong  trend  to  land 
ownership  and  land  control,  and  by  their  unquestioned  industry  and 
application,  and  by  standards  and  methods  that  are  widely  separated 
from  our  occidental  standards  and  methods,  both  in  connection  with 
hours  of  labor  and  standards  of  living,  have  gradually  developed  to 
a  control  of  many  of  our  important  agricultural  industries.  Indeed, 
at  the  present  time  they  operate  458,056  acres  of  the  very  best  lands 
in  California.  The  increase  in  acreage  control  within  the  last  decade, 
according  to  these  official  figures  has  been  412.9  per  cent.  In  pro- 
ductive values — that  is  to  say,  in  the  market  value  of  crops  produced 
by  them — our  figures  show  that  as  again.st  $6,235,856  worth  of  produce 
marketed  in  1909,  the  increase  has  been  to  $67,145,730,  approximateh' 
tenfold. 

More  significant  than  these  figures,  however,  is  the  demonstrated 
fact  that  within  the  last  ten  years  Japanese  agriclutural  labor  has 
developed  to  such  a  degree  that  at  the  present  time  between  80  and  90 
per  e^t  of  most  of  our  vegetable  and  berry  products  are  those  of 
the  Japanese  farms.  Approximately  80  per  cent  of  the  tomato  crop 
of  the  state  is  produced  by  Japanese;  from  80  to  100  per  cent  of  the 
spinach  crop ;  a  greater  part  of  our  potato  and  asparagus  crops,  and 
so  on.  So  that  it  is  apparent  without  much  more  effective  restrictions 
that  in  a  very  short  time,  historically  speaking,  the  Japanese  popula- 
tion within  our  midst  will  represent  a  considerable  portion  of  our 
entire  population,  and  the  Japanese  control  over  certain  essential  food 
products  will  be  an  absolute  one. 

Aside  from  the  economic  aspect,  however,  and  even  more  important 
than  this,  is  the  social  problem  inevitably  developing  to  an  acute 
degree.  The  figures  contained  in  the  report  will  not  be  understood 
in  their  true  significance  without  the  supplementary  explanation  that 
these  land  holdings  and  land  products  are  in  well-defined  locations 
within  the  state  and  not  spread  broadcast.  The  Japanese,  with  his 
strong  social  race  instinct,  acquires  his  piece  of  land  and,  within  an 
incredibly  .short  period  of  time,  large  adjoining  holdings  are  occupied 
by  people  of  his  own  race.  The  result  is  that  in  many  portions  of 
our  state  we  have  large  colonies  of  Japanese,  the  population  in  many 
places  even  exceeding  the  white  population. 

These  Japanese,  by  very  reason  of  their  use  of  economic  standards 
impossible   to  our  white   ideals — that  is  to  say,   the   employment   of 


governor's  letter.  9 

their  wives  and  their  very  children  in  the  arduous  toil  of  the  soil — 
are  proving  crushing  competitors  to  our  white  rural  populations. 
The  fecundity  of  the  -Ijipaiicse  race  far  exceeds  that  of  any  oth^r 
people  that  we  liave  in  our  midst.  They  send  their  childn-n  for  short 
periods  of  time  to  our  white  schools,  and  in  many  of  the  country 
schools  of  our  state  the  spectacle  is  presented  of  having  a  few  white 
childrtii  atMjuiring  their  education  in  classrooms  crowded  with 
Japanese.  The  dee{)-scated  and  often  outspoken  resentment  of  our 
white  mothers  at  this  situation  can  only  he  appreciated  by  those 
people  who  have  struggled  with  similar  problems. 

It  is  with  great  pride  that  I  am  able  to  state  that  the  people  of 
California  have  borne  this  situation  and  seen  its  developing  menace 
with  a  patience  and  self-restraint  beyond  all  praise.  California  is 
proud  to  proclaim  to  the  nation  that  despite  this  social  situation  her 
people  have  been  guilty  of  no  excesses  and  no  indignities  upon  the 
Japanese  within  our  borders.  No  outrage,  no  violence,  no  insult 
and  no  ignominy  have  been  offered  to  the  Japanese  people  within 
California. 

It  is  also  proper  to  state  that  I  believe  I  speak  the  feelings  of 
our  people  when  I  express  to  you  a  full  recognition  of  the  many 
admirable  qualities  of  the  Japanese  people.  We  assume  no  arrogant 
superiority  of  race  or  culture  over  them.  Their  art,  their  literature, 
their  philosophy,  and,  in  recent  years,  their  scientific  attainments 
have  gained  for  them  a  respect  from  the  white  peoples  in  which  we, 
who  know  them  so  well,  fully  share.  We  have  learned  to  admire 
the  brilliancy  of  their  art  and  the  genius  that  these  people  display. 
We  respect  that  deep  philosophy  which  flows  so  placidly  out  of  that 
wonderful  past  of  theirs  and  which  has  come  down  through  ages 
that  antedate  our  Christian  era.  We  join  with  the  entire  civilized 
world  in  our  admiration  of  the  tremendous  strides  which  the  Japanese 
nation  itself  has  made  in  the  last  two  generations  unparalleled  as  its 
career  is  in  the  history  of  nations.  We  respect  the  right  of  the 
Japanese  to  their  true  development  and  to  the  attainment  of  their 
destiny. 

All  these  matters  I  am  at  pains  to  emphasize  so  as  to  convince 
you,  and,  through  you  the  people  of  our  United  States,  that  this 
problem  of  ours  is  not  an  insignificant  or  temporary  one.  It  is  not 
factious.  It  has  no  origin  in  narrow  race  prejudice  or  rancor  or 
hostility.  It  is,  however,  a  solemn  problem  affecting  our  entire 
Occidental  civilization.  It  has  nothing  to  do  with  any  pretensions  of 
race  superiority,  but  has  vitally  to  do  with  race  dissimilarity  and 
unassimilability. 

But  with  all  this  the  people  of  California  are  determined  to 
repress  a  developing  Japanese  community  within  our  midst.  They 
are  determined  to  exhaust  every  power  in  their  keeping  to  maintain 
this  state  for  its  own  people.  This  determination  is  based  funda- 
mentally   upon    the    ethnological    impossibility    of    assimilating    the 


10  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Japanese  people  and  the  consequential  alternative  of  increasing  a 
population  whose  very  race  isolation  must  be  fraught  with  the 
gravest  consequences. 

California  .stands  as  an  outpost  on  the  western  edge  of  Occidental 
civilization.  Her  people  are  the  sons  or  the  followers  of  the  Argo- 
nauts who  wended  their  way  westward  over  the  plains  of  the  middle 
west,  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  desert;  and  here  they  set  up 
their  homes  and  planted  their  flags:  and  here,  without  themselves 
recognizing  it  at  the  time,  they  took  the  farthest  westward  step  that 
the  white  man  can  take.  From  our  shores  roll  the  waters  of  the 
Pacific.  From  our  coast  the  mind's  eye  takes  its  gaze  and  sees  on 
the  other  shores  of  that  great  ocean  the  teeming  millions  of  the 
Orient,  with  its  institutions  running  their  roots  into  the  most  venerable 
antiquity,  its  own  inherited  philosophy  and  standards  of  life,  its  own 
peculiar  races  and  colors. 

The  Pacific,  we  feel,  is  shortly  to  become  one  of  the  most  important 
highways  of  commerce  on  this  earth.  Amity  and  concord  and  that 
interchange  of  material  goods  as  well  as  ideas,  which  such  facilities 
offer,  will  inevitably  take  place  to  the  benefit  of  both  continents. 
But  that  our  white  race  will  readily  intermix  with  the  yellow  strains 
of  Asia,  and  that  out  of  this  interrelationship  .shall  be  born  a  new 
composite  human  being  is  manifestly  impossible.  Singularly  enough, 
while  historical  facts  are  not  always  susceptible  of  scientific  demonstra- 
tion, it  is  true,  if  our  study  serves  us,  that  the  blood  fusion  of  the 
Occident  and  the  Orient  has  nowhere  ever  successfully  taken  place. 
Whether  the  cause  be  but  a  social  sense  of  repugnance,  or  whether 
it  be  insuperable  scientific  hindrances,  is  utterly  beside  the  question. 

"We  stand  today  at  this  point  of  western  contact  with  the  Orient, 
just  as  the  Greeks  who  settled  in  Asia  Minor  three  thousand  years 
ago  stood  at  its  eastern  point.  And  while  IMesopotamia  and  the 
country  to  the  east  thereof  were  the  highways  of  intercourse  between 
the  Orient  of  that  time  and  the  Occident  of  that  era,  and  while, 
historically,  there  was  much  of  contact  and  conflict  between  the  types 
representing  the  two  standards  of  civilization,  history  does  not  show 
any  material  fusion  of  either  blood  or  idea  between  these  peoples. 

California  harbors  no  animosity  against  the  Japanese  people  or 
their  nation.  California,  however,  does  not  wish  the  Japanese  people 
to  settle  within  her  borders  and  to  develop  a  Japanese  population 
within  her  midst.  California  views  with  alarm  the  rapid  growth  of 
these  people  within  the  last  decade  in  population  as  well  as  in  land 
control,  and  foresees  in  the  not  distant  future  the  gravest  menace 
of  .serious  conflict  if  this  development  is  not  immediately  and  effectively 
checked.  Without  disparaging  these  people  of  just  sensibilities,  we 
cannot  look  for  intermarriage  or  that  social  interrelationship  which 
must  exist  between  the  citizenry  of  a  contented  community. 

It  may  be  an  exquisite  refinement,  but  we  cannot  feel  contented  at 
our  children  imbibing  their  first  rudiments  of  education  from  the  lips 


governor's  i.kttkr.  11 

of  tlie  public  sfliool  teacher  in  classrooms  crowded  with  other  children 
of  a  different  race.  They  do  not  and  will  not  associate  in  that  rela- 
tionship prevalent  elsewhere  in  the  public  schools  of  this  country. 
We  recognize  that  this  attitude  is  too  deep-seated  to  remove.  And 
we  recognize  that  with  this  attitude  goes  the  necessity  of  Japanese  isola- 
tion and  that  inevitable  feeling  which  socially  a  proscribed  race 
always  develops. 

California  wants  peace.  But  California  wants  to  retain  this  common- 
wealth for  her  own  peoples  where  they  may  grow  up  and  develop 
their  own  ideals.  We  are  confronted  at  this  time  by  the  problems 
that  have  arisen  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  where  the  Japanese  have 
now  developed  to  an  extent  which  gives  them  a  preponderance,  I  am 
informed,  in  the  affairs  of  that  territory.  That  mistake  of  Hawaii 
must  not,  and  California  is  determined  shall  not,  be  repeated  here. 

This  communication  and  the  report  accompanying  it  are  prompted 
by  a  situation  prevailing  in  California  today  which  we  hope  may 
lead  to  diplomatic  correspondence  on  your  part  with  the  Empire  of 
Japan.  In  1913  the  Legislature  of  this  state  passed  a  statute  for- 
bidding the  ownership  of  agricultural  lands  by  Japanese  and  limiting 
their  tenure  to  three-year  leaseholds.  It  was  the  hope  at  that  time 
that  the  enactment  of  this  statute  might  put  a  stop  to  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  Japanese  agriculturist.  This  legislation  followed  some 
years  after  a  proposed  bill  by  the  Legislature  providing  for  separate 
schools  for  Japanese  students. 

At  the  time  of  the  school  legislation,  however,  the  appeal  on  behalf 
of  the  United  States  Government  to  refrain  from  enacting  such  a 
drastic  law  was  very  urgent  and  was  supported  by  an  assurance  on  the 
part  of  the  Federal  Government  that  necessary  arrangements  would 
be  made  with  Japan  stopping  the  further  immigration  of  Japanese 
labor.  These  negotiations  led  to  the  so-called  "Gentlemen's  Agree- 
ment." There  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  was  the  intent  of  our  Govern- 
ment, by  this  agreement,  to  prevent  the  further  immigration  of 
Japanese  laborers.  Unfortunately,  however,  the  hoped  for  results  have 
not  been  attained. 

Without  imputing  to  the  Japanese  Government  any  direct  knowl- 
edge on  the  subject,  the  statistics  clearly  show  a  decided  increase  in 
Japanese  population  since  the  execution  of  the  so-called  "gentlemen's 
agreement."  Skillful  evasions  have  been  resorted  to  in  various 
manners.  "Picture  brides"  have  been  brought  in  and  upon  their 
arrival  set  to  work  on  the  farm  lands;  relatives  of  those  already  here 
were  brought  in  under  the  guise  of  dependents;  large  numbers  have 
come  illegally  across  the  Mexican  border.  As  to  the  latter,  of  course, 
it  is  in  the  nature  of  things  impossible  to  give  official  statistics, 
as  those  who  came  in  this  manner  came  illicitly.  The  realization  of 
this  lack  of  entire  good  faith  on  the  part  of  the  Japanese  led  the 
California  Legislature  in  1913  to  pass  the  existing  law,  despite  the 


12  CALIFORNIA    AND    THE    ORIENTAF.. 

expostulation  of  a  distinguished  predecessor  of  yours  in  your  present 
office,  who  made  an  official  visit  to  the  capitol  of  this  state  at  that  time. 

Againi  I  deplore  the  necessity  of  statin^;  that  the  spirit  of  the  Anti- 
Alien  Land  Lej^islation  passed  in  VM'-]  has  been  evaded  and  l)roken 
through  the  resort  to  certain  legal  sul)tt'rfuj.'es  whii-h  have  almost 
frustrated  the  very  purpose  of  the  en.ictinent.  These  evasions  have 
been  accomplished  through  the  medium  of  corporations,  trustee  stock 
ownership,  trustee  land  ownership,  and  the  device  of  having  native 
infant  ehildren  of  Japanese  parentage  made  grantees  of  agricultural 
lands  controlled  and  operated  exclusively  l)y  their  noH-eligil>ic  parents. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature,  held  in  the  spring  of  1919, 
further  legislation  against  the  Japanese  was  proposed.  At  that  time 
action  was  deferred  mainly  upon  the  advice  of  Secretary  of  State 
Lansing,  who  cabled  from  Versailles  explaining  to  our  legislature  that 
in  view  of  the  Peace  Conference,  then  in  session,  at  which  Japan  was 
a  participant,  any  Japanese  legislation  would  be  unfortunate  and 
strongly  implying  that  it  might  seriously  affect  the  result  of  the  Peace 
Conference.  Again,  California  patriotically  acceded  for  the  good  of 
the  whole  country. 

I  took  occa.sion  at  the  same  tinu'  to  urge  the  Legislature  of  California 
to  defer  drastic  action  until  the  state  had  acquired  reliable  information 
on  the  subject  through  the  medium  of  one  of  its  important  conunis- 
sions.  the  State  Board  of  Control.  ^Fy  views,  as  expressed  then,  and 
from  which  I  have  had  no  occasion  to  recede,  were  that  the  grave 
problem  could  not  be  effectually  dealt  with  except  through  the  medium 
of  the  Federal  Government,  and  action  by  the  F'ederal  (lovernmeut 
could  only  be  secured  by  the  presentation  of  reliable  infornuition. 

I  told  the  people  of  this  state  that  upon  the  compilation  of  the 
necessary  information  I  should  deem  it  my  duty  to  urge  such  action 
both  by  the  State  and  Federal  Government  as  the  situation  might 
require  and  the  facts  warrant.  The  accompanying  report  is  the  result 
of  a  painstaking  search  for  the  facts.  In  its  cold,  statistical  way,  it 
tells  graphically  our  story.  The  human  side  is  untouched.  "With 
this  information  officially  presented  to  the  people  of  our  state,  we 
must  seek  relief. 

In  dealing  with  this  problem,  we  cannot  very  well  take  precedent 
out  of  the  experience  of  the  nation  with  the  previous  race  question 
which  so  bitterly  aroused  all  the  sectional  feelings  of  our  people  and 
led  to  the  Civil  War.  There  is  one  vital  difference.  The  Japanese, 
be  it  said  to  their  credit,  are  not  of  servile  or  docile  stock.  I'roud  of 
their  traditions  and  history,  exultant  as  they  justly  are  at  the  extraor- 
dinary career  of  their  country,  they  brook  no  suggestion  of  any 
dominant  or  superior  race.  Virile,  progressive  and  agressive,  they 
have  all  the  race  consciousness  which  is  inseparable  from  race  quality. 

And  it  is  just  because  they  possess  these  attributes  in  such  marked 
degree  and  feel  more  keenly  the  social  and  race  barriers  which  our 
people  instinctively  raise  against  them  that  they  are  driven  to  that  race 


governor's  letter.  13 

isolation  and,  1  fear  ultimately  will  rcacli  that  race  resentment,  wliicli 
portend  danger  to  the  peace  of  our  state  in  the  future.  In  extending 
to  tlieni  th(!  Just  credit  which  is  theirs,  the  thought  does  not  occur 
to  our  peoph;  that  because  the  flapanese  come  from  a  puissant  nation, 
whose  aehievenients  on  the  Held  have  hrouglit  it  n-nown,  that  there- 
fore our  attitude  should  be  inoulded  by  pusillanimity  or  temporary 
expediency.  We  have  faith  in  the  willingness  and  power  of  our 
common  country  to  protect  its  every  part  from  foreign  danger. 

We  also  have  faith,  however,  in  the  intelligence  of  the  Japanese 
Empire  itself  to  understand  our  attitude  and  recognize  that  it  is 
prompted  solely  by  that  inherent  desire  of  every  race  and  tyi)c  of 
p(H)ple  to  preserve  itself.  We  wish  to  impress  most  earnestly  upon 
them  tlie  entire  absence  of  every  feeling  that  can  betoken  ill-will  or 
be  in  the  slightest  degree  disparaging.  But  with  the  same  earnestness 
we  insist,  after  this  careful  survey  which  we  have  caused  to  be  made, 
that  California  is  now  amply  justified  in  taking  every  step  that  will 
properly  reduce  this  problem,  and  where  the  powers  of  the  state  shall 
fall  short  must  ajipeal  to  the  United  States  Government  for  that  addi- 
tional action  necessary  finally  to  solve  this  vexing  problem. 

At  the  present  time  an  initiative  measure  is  being  circulated  which 
in  all  probability  will  find  a  place  upon  our  ballot  at  this  coming 
election.  The  initiative  measure  is  a  land  law  even  more  stringent 
than  the  present  one  in  that  it  not  only  forbids  ownership,  but  the 
leasing  of  lands  by  the  Japanese.  It  also  makes  more  drastic  the 
provisions  against  corporate  ownership  of  land  for  the  purpose  of 
evading  the  Act.  The  measure,  if  adopted,  will  exhaust  the  state's 
power  in  dealing  with  this  great  race  problem.  The  bill,  however, 
does  not  and  will  not,  because  the  state  legally  can  not  prevent, 
Japanese  control  of  our  soil,  nor  can  it  stop  further  immigration. 

If  the  measure  is  adopted,  inasnuich  as  it  prohibits  only  the  acquisi- 
tion of  interests  in  real  estate,  it  will  not  I  fear  forestall  the  ingenuity 
of  legal  counsel  in  enabling  the  Japanese  to  remain  in  control  of  their 
agricultural  holdings  under  various  forms  of  personal  employment 
contracts.  And  in  this  respect  I  am  advised  that  it  is  impossible  for 
the  state  to  enact  constitutional  legislation  prohibiting  personal  employ- 
ment contracts  with  Japanese  on  account  of  various  provisions  in  our 
Federal  constitution,  recent  decisions  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court,  and  also  certain  provisions  of  the  treaty  between  Japan  and 
the  United  States. 

This  being  as  far  as  the  state  can  go,  however,  it  will  and  should, 
in  my  opinion,  by  an  overwhelming  majority  of  the  voters,  enact  the 
proposed  initiative  legislation.  And,  in  my  opinion,  as  an  expression 
of  protest  by  Californians,  as  a  declaration  of  the  purpose  of  this 
present  population  of  ours  to  maintain  its  own  standards  and  ideals, 
as  a  plea  to  the  citizens  of  all  the  states  in  the  Union,  many  ofnvhom. 
because  they  have  no  contact  with  the  problem  might  seem  to  look 
upon  it  as  an  unsubstantial  one  at  this  time,  every  voter  in  this  state 


14  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL, 

will  and  should  cast  his  ballot  for  the  measure.  And  for  these  reasons, 
expressing  both  my  personal  views  and,  I  believe,  the  views  of  the  over- 
whelming majority  of  the  people  of  the  State  of  California,  I  hope 
for  a  vote  at  the  November  election  that  will  emphasize  to  the  rest  of 
the  nation  the  seriousness  of  the  situation  here  today. 

So  far  I  have  dealt  with  the  subject  only  within  the  limits  of  state 
power.  But  as  Governor  of  this  state  I  should  feel  myself  recreant 
in  my  duty  to  its  people  if  I  did  not  with  the  present  evidence  before 
me  and  which  I  transmit  to  you,  make  this  solemn  appeal  to  you  as 
the  spokesman  of  our  country  in  its  international  relationship  to  use 
your  good  offices  with  the  Empire  of  Japan  that  stricter  provisions 
be  immediately  agreed  upon,  making  impossible  any  further  evasion 
or  violation  of  the  spirit  of  the  existing  arrangement.  How  these 
negotiations  should  be  initiated  does  not  lie  within  my  province  to 
suggest.  Indeed,  I  am  confident  that  with  these  facts  thus  officially 
laid  before  you,  your  own  good  judgment  will  dictate  the  next  step 
to  be  taken  towards  the  desired  agreement  or  treaty. 

Let  me  also  add  that  in  addition  to  this  appeal  which  I  make  to  you 
for  further  diplomatic  action,  I  feel  impelled  by  a  sense  of  duty  to  lay 
before  you  the  cause  of  the  State  of  California  at  this  time.  The 
initiative  legislation  may  possibly  lead  to  diplomatic  inquiries  and 
correspondence  between  yourself  and  the  Empire  of  Japan.  Antici- 
pating such  a  contingency,  I  am  desirous  of  submitting  to  you  in  an 
official  manner  this  question  from  the  Californian  and  the  American 
standpoint. 

Inasmuch  as  I  am  seeking  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  California  to 
deal  with  this  problem  in  a  broad  and  final  way,  I  deem  it  proper  to 
advise  you  further  that  we  feel  the  full  solution  of  this  question 
can  not  be  had  short  of  an  exclusion  act  passed  by  Congress.  It  is 
my  purpose,  after  transmitting  this  report  to  you,  to  communicate  the 
information  to  our  various  Representatives  and  Senators  in  Congress 
that  they  may  then  be  equipped  to  take  up  the  cause  of  California 
and  urge  the  passage  of  an  exclusion  act  effectively  disposing  of  this 
difficulty. 

The  exclusion  act  should,  in  my  opinion,  provide  for  the  full  exclu- 
sion of  all  Japanese,  saving  certain  selected  classes;  it  should  further 
provide  for  the  registration  of  all  Japanese  lawfully  within  the  United 
States  at  the  time  that  the  act  is  passed ;  and  further  provide  that  the 
burden  should  be  upon  every  Japanese  within  this  country  of  proving 
his  right  to  be  here  by  the  production  of  a  certificate  of  registration. 
In  this  manner  only  do  I  believe  that  completely  effective  remedies 
can  be  found. 

Japan  should  not  take  umbrage  at  us  for  adopting  these  measures. 
The  like  strict  exclusion  is  today  effective  in  every  one  of  the  British 
Colonies  fronting  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  having  contact  with  the 
Japanese.  Nor  has  Japan's  valiant  service  in  the  late  war,  which  she 
entered  originally  as  an  ally  of  Great  Britain,  obtained  for  her  people 


governor's  letter.  15 

the  slightest  amelioration  of  these  drastic  British  Cohjiiial  laws.  The 
British  white  races  on  the  Pacific  will  not  tolerate  a  situation  from 
which  we  are  now  sufferinf?.  Why  then  sliould  we?  Or  why  should 
our  action  seem  so  much  more  aggravated  than  that  of  Japan's  ally, 
Great  Britain? 

Let  me  repeat  that  in  submitting  this  report  and  transmitting  this 
letter  with  its  recommendations,  the  people  of  California  only  desire  to 
retain  the  commonwealth  of  California  for  its  own  people ;  they  recog- 
nize the  impossibility  of  that  peace-producing  assimilability  which 
comes  only  when  races  are  so  closely  akin  that  intermarriage  within 
a  generation  or  two  obliterates  original  lines.  The  thought  of  sudi  a 
relationship  is  impossible  to  the  people  of  (California,  just  as  the  thought 
of  intermarriage  of  whites  and  blacks  would  be  impossible  to  the  minds 
of  the  leaders  of  both  races  in  the  southern  states;  just  as  the  inter- 
marriage of  any  immigrant  African  would  not  be  considered  by  the 
people  of  the  Eastern  States. 

California  is  making  this  appeal  prinuirily,  of  course,  for  herself, 
but  in  doing  so  she  feels  that  the  problem  is  hers  solely  because  of 
her  geographical  position  on  the  Pacific  slope.  She  stands  as  one  of 
the  gateways  for  Oriental  immigration  into  this  country.  Her  people 
are  the  first  affected,  and  unless  the  race  ideals  and  standards  are 
l)reserved  here  at  the  national  gateway  the  conditions  that  will  follow 
must  soon  affect  the  rest  of  the  continent. 

I  trust  that  I  have  clearly  presented  the  California  point  of  view, 
and  that  in  any  correspondence  or  negotiations  with  Japan  which  may 
ensue  as  the  result  of  the  accompanying  report,  or  any  action  which 
the  people  of  the  State  of  California  may  take  thereon,  you  will  under- 
stand that  it  is  based  entirely  on  the  principle  of  race  self-preservation 
and  the  ethnological  impossibility  of  successfully  assimilating  this 
constantly  increasing  flow  of  Oriental  blood. 

I  have  the  honor  to  remain, 

Yours  very  respectfully, 


Governor  of  California. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

His  Excellency,  Wm.  D.  Stephens, 
Governor  of  California, 

Sacramento,  California. 
Sir:  In  compliance  with  ywir  letter  oi'  instrnetions  dated  September 
29,  1919,  we  submit  herewith  the  report  eovt-rin^-  the  oriental  invest ii^'a- 
tion  made  by  this  Board. 

Respectfully  sul)mitted, 

STATE  BOARD  OF  CONTROL, 

Marshall  DeMotte,  Cliairtnnn, 


II.  Stanley  Benedict, 
Clyde  L.  Seavey. 


Sacramento,  California. 
June  19,  1920. 


2  —  4460 


FOREWORD. 

On  September  29,  1919,  the  State  Board  of  Control  received  the 
following  letter  from  Governor  Wm.  D.  Stephens : 

STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA 
governor's  office 

Sacramento,  September  29,  1919. 
To  the  State  Board  of  Control, 
Sacramento,  California. 

Gentlemen:  At  the  last  session  of  the  California  Legislature 
(adjourned  April  27,  1919)  there  was  adopted  Senate  Concurrent  Reso- 
lution No.  19,  relating  to  the  leasing  of  land  in  the  state  to  persons 
ineligible  to  citizenship. 

I  desire  to  call  your  attention  to  this  resolution,  and  in  conformity 
therewith  request  you  to  make  a  thorough  investigation  and  prepare  an 
accurate,  detailed  and  comprehensive  report  upon  the  subject.  This 
report  should  include  all  necessary  and  pertinent  facts  and  be  of  such 
nature  that  it  may  serve  as  an  official  and  authentic  document  for  the 
guidance  of  the  state  and  national  authorities  in  dealing  with  this 
question  and  in  presenting  California's  attitude  regarding  the  problems 
which  have  been  the  natural  outgrowth  of  such  conditions. 

I  would  be  pleased  if  for  this  report  you  would  secure  separate, 
specific  and  definite  information  concerning  aliens  constitutionally 
ineligible  to  citizenship  in  this  state,  and  also  concerning  American- 
born  children  of  such  aliens,  as  follows : 

The  number  of  said  aliens  and  the  number  of  said  children  in  each 
race  subdivision,  now  here,  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  together 
with  a  statement  showing  what  relation  these  present  figures  bear  to 
those  reported  in  the  Federal  Censuses  of  1910  and  1900 ; 

The  total  acreage  of  land  held  in  fee  by  the  separate  race  subdivisions 
of  said  aliens  and  of  said  children,  and  the  extent  these  lands  are  cul- 
tivated by  persons  of  their  own  race,  together  with  a  statement  of  the 
number  of  acres  now  controlled  under  lease  or  other  contract  by  each 
race  subdivision  of  said  aliens  and  of  said  children  and  cultivated  by 
them  and  so  far  as  possible  include  comparisons  with  similar  facts 
existing  in  previous  years ; 

Such  pertinent  facts  as  you  may  be  able  to  secure  concerning  the 
methods  employed  in  securing  land  by  lease  or  otherwise  for  cultiva- 
tion, the  character  of  the  land,  the  tendency  towards  colonization  in 
particular  localities,  the  methods  of  financing  such  enterprises,  etc. ; 


20  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

The  number  of  said  aliens  in  each  race  subdivision  engaged  in 
separate  mercantile  pursuits  in  this  state,  their  business  occupancy  of 
certain  districts,  their  methods  of  financing,  their  mode  of  living  and 
their  effect  upon  American  owned  establishments  of  like  purpose; 

The  number  of  women  of  each  race  subdivision  of  said  aliens  that 
have  immigrated  into  the  state  during  the  present  year,  also  the  rate  of 
birth  of  the  children  in  each  race  subdivision  of  said  aliens  and  a  com- 
parison with  previous  years. 

The  value  of  the  report  will  be  not  only  in  the  reliable  information 
furnished  California  and  her  Legislature  but  also  in  the  presentation  to 
the  National  Government  and  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  the 
plain  and  authenticated  facts  and  conditions  now  existing  in  California. 

"Whatever  state  of  facts  such  investigation  may  disclose,  the  problems 
which  arise  from  them  do  not  present  themselves  exclusively  to  the 
people  of  California  for  solution,  but  are  both  federal  and  state  in 
scope. 

It  is  my  hope  that  this  problem  can  be  handled  along  broad  and 
effective  lines  of  mutual  correct  understanding  and  good  will,  and  to 
this  end  it  is  essential  that  the  national  authority  be  in  possession  of 
all  the  facts  and  circumstances  concerning  the  situation  now  existing  in 
this  state,  and  to  some  extent  also  throughout  the  entire  Pacific  Coast. 
Inasmuch  as  the  problem  is  believed  to  be  more  acute  in  California  than 
in  some  of  the  other  Pacific  Coast  states,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  it  is 
the  duty  of  California  to  collect,  tabulate  and  present  such  information 
as  is  herein  requested. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Wm.  D.  Stephens, 

Governor. 

In  compliance  with  the  instructions  contained  in  this  letter,  the 
State  Board  of  Control  submits  the  following  report  as  a  result  of  its 
investigations. 

As  these  instructions  call  for  facts  only,  this  Board  has  not  drawn 
any  conclusions  or  suggested  any  recommendations. 

In  this  work,  the  Board  of  Control  received  generous  cooperation 
from  Federal,  State,  County  and  Municipal  Oflficers;  from  many  civic 
organizations  and  individuals;  and  from  the  Japanese  Government 
Officials  and  Japanese  Associations  in  California. 

STATE  BOARD  OF  CONTROL. 


Section  I. 
POPULATION. 


21 


POPULATION. 

The  following-  pages  contain: 

(1)  Oriental  population  in  California,  based  on  official  records. 

(2)  Special  census  of  Japanese  population  in  California,  taken  by 
Japanese  Association  of  America  at  request  of  Board  of  Control. 

(3)  Fignres  showing  Oriental  population  in  the  two  counties  of 
Imperial  and  Solano  as  taken  by  special  census  of  the  Board  of 
Control,  and  a  separate  census  by  the  Japanese  Association  of 
America  in  California, 

(4)  Chart  (1)  showing  per  cent  of  increase  in  population  of  each 
race  in  California  from  1910  to  1919. 

(5)  Chart  (2)  showing  per  cent  of  excess  of  births  over  deaths  for 
each  race  in  California  from  1910  to  1919. 

(6)  Chart  (3)  showing  minor  population  of  California  in  1910  and 
also  in  1919. 

(7)  Total  Japanese  population  in  United  States  (continental)  as 
shown  by  immigration  reports  only  and  without  calculations  for 
births  and  deaths,  for  1910  and  1919  and  showing  increase. 

(8)  Figures  allocating  increase  or  decrease  in  Japanese  population 
in  California  and  the  other  states  of  the  United  States,  showing 
that  approximately  two -thirds  of  the  increase  falls  to  California. 

(9)  Schedule  taken  from  United  States  Immigration  Reports 
showing  excess  of  immigrant  Japanese  alien  arrivals  over  emigrant 
Japanese  departures,  by  years,  from  1909  to  1919. 

Note. — In  order  to  make  the  report  as  brief  as  possible,  intro- 
ductory comment  preceding  each  section  is  reduced  to  the  minimum. 


POPULATION. 


25 


POPULATION. 

Chinese  and  Japanese  Population  of  California   December  31,  1919.* 


Explanation 


(1)  Population  April  15,  1910 

(2)  liiiinitinuits  luiniittcd  from  April  15,  1910,  to  De- 

cember 31,  1919 


Jai>ane*e 


(H)  Emigrants  doi)arted  from  April  15,  1910,  to  De- 
cember  31,    1919 — 


(4)  Immigration  from  Hawaii  from  July  1"  1910,  to 
June  30.   1919 - 


(5)  Registered  births  from  April  15,  1910,  to  Decem- 
ber 31,   1919 - 


(6)  He))orted  deaths  from  April  15,  1910,  to  December 
31,  1919 

Population  as  of  December  31,  1919 


36,248  41.366  77,604 

11,914  32,196  44,110 

48,162  !  73,552  '  121.714 

11,125  7.110  18.285 


37.037 
108 


66.442         103,479 
506  614 


37,145  66,948  101,093 

3,741  27,828  31,569 

40,886  94,776  135,662 

7,615  7,497  1,5,112 

33,271  87,279  12).55^ 


(1)  Determined  by  United  States  Census  enumeration  as  of  April  l.j,  1910.  See 
Bulletin  No.  127  of  the  Permanent  Census  Bureau,  pages  7  and  2.5. 

(2)  Detennined  for  the  period  from  July  1.  1910,  to  June  30,  1919,  from  the 
annual  reporls  of  tlie  (^ommissioner-General  of  Immigration  and  strictly  confined 
to  "immigrant"  (as  distinguished  from  "non-immigrant")  aliens  admitted,  who 
indicated   California   as  their   intended   future   residence. 

For  the  period  from  Ai)ril  1.5  to  .Tune  .30,  1910,  an  approximation  was  made  based 
upon  that  season's  i)roportionate  share  of  total  arrivals  for  the  year  rei>orted,  and 
aiii)lied  to  "iinmij;Tants"'  intending  to  reside  in  California  as  reported  for  the  fiscal 
year  ended  June  .30,  1910. 

For  the  period  from  ,Tuly  1  to  December  31.  1919,  "immigrant"  arrivals  admitted 
at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  are  used  in  the  absence  of  other  available  data. 

(31  Determined  for  the  period  from  July  1.  1910  to  June  30,  1910,  from  the 
Annual  Reports  of  the  Commissioner-General  of  Immigration  and  strictly  confined 
to  "emigrant"  (as  distinguished  from  "non-emigrant")  aliens  departed,  who  gave 
California   as   their  last   permanent   residence. 

For  the  period  from  April  1,")  to  June  30,  1910,  and  from  July  1  to  December  31, 
1919,  respectively,  the  methods  described  under  Note  2  were  employed  in  the 
determination  of  the  number  of  emigrants  for  those  periods. 

(4)  Determined,  for  the  jieriod  indicated  from  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 
Commissioner-General  of  Immigration  for  1914  to  1919.  For  the  period  from 
July  1,  1910  to  Jruie  30.  1914.  the  proportion  of  arrivals  destined  to  California 
from  July  1.  1907  to  June  30.  1914,   was  applied. 

(.5)  Determined  from  the  official  records  of  the  State  Board  of  Health.  To  exclude 
period  from  January  1  to  April  1.5.  1910.  7/24  of  the  total  reported  for  the  calendar 
year  1910  was  subtracted.     Figures  for  1919  are  subject  to  negligible  changes. 

(0)    Same  as   Note  5. 

*Figures  do  not  take  into  consideration  possible  increase  in  population  by  smuggling 
or  illegal  entry,  nor  do  they  include  the  large  number  of  arrivals  from  Hawaii  of 
.Japanese  who  acquiied  American  citizenship  by  birth  on  the  Islands  or  as  residents 
when  Hawaii  was  annexed  by  United  States.  These  latter  come  into  California  as 
Ameiican  citizens,  moving  from  one  part  of  United  States  to  another,  without  being 
listed  on  immigration   records. 


26 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENT.VL. 

Chart 


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__  :     qp  CAuroRNiA Tr(ih  19>0T0  IQI9i-" 


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POPULATION.  27 

The  forej^oinf^  figures  show  the  Japanose  population  in  California, 
Afiil  15,  1910,  to  be  41,:i56,  and  on  December  31,  1919,  87,279,  an 
increase  from  1910  to  1919  of  45,923,  or  111  per  cent.  This  increase 
consists  of  25,592  not  hy  immigration  and  20,331  net  bij  hirth.  The 
fi{:rnres  for  total  Japanese  papulation  in  1919  Ix'ing  based  upon  reports 
of  immigration  and  emigration,  births  and  deaths,  necessarily  include 
those  American-born  Japanese  who  have  temporarily  returned  to  Japan 
upon  business  trips  or  for  the  purpose  of  completing  an  education. 
Because,  until  recent  years,  immigration  authorities  made  no  distinc- 
tion in  their  records  of  departures  between  classes  of  American-born 
citizens,  there  is  no  segregation  on  the  immigration  records  between  an 
American-born  citizen  of  American  parents  and  American-born  citizens 
of  Japanese  parents. 

At  the  request  of  the  State  Board  of  Control,  the  Japanese 
Association  of  America,  through  its  various  local  associations  in  Cali- 
fornia, made  a  special  census  of  Japanese  population  in  California 
during  1919  which  census  was  completed  March,  1920.  The  total  of  this 
census  was  78,628  Japanese  residing  in  California.  To  this  should  be 
added  the  number  of  American-born  Japanese  now  temporarily  in 
Japan  for  the  purpose  of  completing  their  education,  estimated  by  the 
Japanese  Association  of  America  at  about  5000.  This  makes  a  total  of 
83,628  by  the  Japanese  Census  as  compared  with  87,279  hereinbefore 
given  from  figures  of  Federal  Immigration  Reports  and  Vital  Statistics, 
State  Board  of  Health. 

The  above  figures  also  show  that,  as  to  the  Chinese,  there  were  in  the 
State  of  California  in  1890,  thirty  years  ago,  72,472  Chinese,  and  in  1919 
there  were  33,271.  It  is  interesting  to  note  this  large  decrease  in 
Chinese  population  in  comparison  with  the  considerable  increase  in 
Japanese  population,  as  it  may  reflect  the  effectiveness  of  the  Chinese 
Exclusion  Act  in  excluding  the  Chinese  immigrants  and  indicates  the 
reverse  as  to  the  so-called  "Gentlemen's  Agreement"  with  Japan,  in 
restricting  Japanese  immigration. 

As  to  Hindus,  census  reports  show  none  prior  to  1910.  In  1910  the 
census  shows  1948  Hindus  in  California  while  in  1919  there  are  2600, 
an  increase  of  652,  or  33.5  per  cent. 

During  the  period  1910  to  1919,  the  Japanese  increased  111  per  cent, 
the  Hindu  33.5  per  cent,  the  white  population  increased  approximately 
22.4  per  cent  and  the  Chinese  population  decreased  8.2  per  cent.  (See 
charts  Nos.  1  and  2,  prepared  by  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics,  State  Board 
of  Health,  and  State  Board  of  Control.) 

From  figures  developed  by  the  State  Board  of  Control  from  the  total 
registration  of  minors  made  by  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  as  required  by  act  of  the  1919  Legislature,  the  minor  popula- 
tion of  Orientals  in  the  state  on  November  1,  1919,  was  as  follows: 
Japanese  21,611,  an  increase  of  252  per  cent  over  1910,  the  Chinese 


28 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


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POPULATION. 


29 


minor  population  was  4805,  a  decrease  of  17.6  per  cent.  Tiie  white  minor 
population  sliowed  an  increase  of  18.5  per  cent.  (See  Chart  No.  3, 
prepared  by  State  Board  of  Control  from  vital  statistics  of  State  Board 
of  Health  and  reports  of  States  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.) 
For  |:^('neral  information  and  purposes  of  comparison,  tlie  State  Board 
of  Control  and  the  Japanese  Association  of  America  each  took  an 
independent  census  of  two  selected  counties,  completing  the  work  in 
March,  1920,  with  the  following  results : 


Japanese         Cblnoae  Hindus 


Total 


Imperial  County — 

Board  of  Control 

Japanese  Association 

Solano  County- 
Board  of  Control 

Japanese   Association 


2,220 

2.468 

1.043 
974 


100 

856 


495 


91 


2,815 
1,990 


JAPANESE   POPULATION   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES 
(CONTINENTAL). 

Changes  by   immigation  only.     Births  and   deaths  not  considered. 

The  following  figures  show  net  increase  or  decrease  in  Japanese 
population  caused  by  arrival  and  departure  of  Japanese  in  continental 
United  States  as  a  whole  and  separately  for  California  and  the 
remainder  of  continental  United  States: 


All  other 
states 


ToUl 
United 
SUtes 


Japanese  population  April  15,  1910 41,356        30,801 

Arrivals  April  15,  1910,  to  December  31,  1919 *32,702         45,681 


74,058         76,482 


72.157 
78,383 


150,540 


Departures  April  15,  1910,  to  December  31,  1919 

t7,110 

56,554 

63,664 

Totals— December  31,  1919 

66.948 

19,928  , 

1 

86,876 

♦Immigrant   Japanese   admitted    only. 
tEmigrant  Japanese  departed  only. 

No  data  is  available  covering  interstate  migration  of  Chinese  or 
Japanese. 

The  above  figures  concern  recorded  arrivals  and  departures  only  and 
do  not  take  into  consideration  increases  or  decreases  by  births  or  deaths, 
or  increases  due  to  smuggling  and  surreptitious  entr3\ 


30  CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Allocation  of  Increase  and   Decrease  in  Population. 


December  31,  1919— total  Japanese. 


66.948 


AU  other  .f  otal 

stall":        '     united 


I      SUtes 


19,928  86.876 


Less  Japanese  population  April  15,  1910 i      41,356        30,801  72.157 


Net  increase  by  reason  of  immigration 25,592 

Net  decrease  by  reason  of  emigration — 10,873 


Net  increase  and  decrease 25,592     —10,873  14,719 

Note — I'ndor  immicrration  practice,  every  Japanese,  as  an  immigrant  alien,  must 
designate  on  arrival  his  intended  future  residence  in  the  United  States,  and  each 
Japanese  emigrant  alien,  upon  departure,  must  designate  the  place  of  his  last 
permanent   residence  in  the   United   States. 

The  above  fibres  show  that,  during  the  period  named,  32,702  Japanese 
immigrant  arrivals  designated  California  as  their  intended  future 
residence,  while  7110  Japanese  emigrant  departures  named  California  as 
their  last  permanent  residence.  It  would  therefore  appear  that  the 
Japanese  population  in  California  increased  by  immigration  only,  dur- 
ing the  period  mentioned,  25,592,  which  is  the  difference  between  these 
Japanese  immigrant  arrivals  and  these  Japanese  emigrant  departures. 

The  Japanese  arrivals,  both  immigrant  and  non-immigrant,  for  all  of 
the  other  .states  of  the  United  States,  outside  of  California  during  the 
period  mentioned,  were  45,681,  and  the  Japanese  departures,  both 
emigrant  and  non-emigrant,  were  56,554,  leaving  a  net  decrease,  by 
emigration,  of  10,873  Japanese  in  all  the  states  outside  of  California, 
the  result  in  the  United  States  as  a  whole,  including  California,  being 
a  net  increase  of  14,719  Japanese.  It  therefore  appears  that  the 
Japanese  population  in  California  increased  25,592,  but  in  all  of  the 
other  states  of  the  United  States  it  decreased  10,873. 

Perhaps,  in  this  last-named  fact  may  be  found  the  reason  that  makes 
Oriental  immigration  a  live  subject  of  continued  consideration  in 
California. 


POPULATION. 


31 


Because  of  the  impossibility  of  allocating  to  the  different  states  of  the 
United  States  the  non-immigrant  arrivals  and  non-eniif,'rant  departun^s, 
the  following  table,  covering  the  regular  immigration  report  years  ]!J10 
to  1919,  shows  the  excess  of  immigrants  remaining  permanently  in 
continental  United  States.  The  total  shown  is  36,989,  of  which  23,708, 
or  64.1  per  cent,  falls  to  California. 


(Observe  that  the  dates  of  the  periods  given  in  the  foregoing  table 
and  the  following  table  do  not  coincide  exactly.) 

POPULATION. 

Excess   of    Immigrant    Japanese    Aliens   Admitted    to    United    States   over    Emigrant 
Japanese  Aliens  Departed,  July  1,  1909,  to  June  30,  1919. 


Year  ended  June  30 


Total 
United 
States 


Outside  of 

Continental 

United 

States 


Continental 
United 
States 


State  of  California 


All 
other 
states 


1910  *1,579            *;193  *1,186  :  *1,109  j  *93.5  *77 

1911  1,224  I           972             252  45  17.9  207 

1912  :  4.671            2.295  2,376  :  1,568  66.0  808 

1913  7,569           3,846  3,723  2,3S0  64.2  13^3 

1914  8147           3,605  j  4,542  3,129  68.9  1*413 

1915  7,784           2,525  5,259  3.798  72.2  1,461 

1916  7,931           2,739  |  5,192  ,  3,676  I  70.8  1,516 

1917  8,203  '         3,094  i  5,109  ;  3,196  i           62.6  I.!)l3 

1918  8,610  I         2,f;07  ,  fi,0a3  3,529  j           58.8  2,47l 

1919  7,929           2,210  5,719  3,486  61.0  2,233 

Totals    60,489         23,500  36,989  23,708  61.1  \  13,281 


•Starred  figures  indicate  exces.s  of  emigrants  over  immigrants. 

Nearly  two-thirds  of  the  excess  falls  to  California.  (This  means  an  average  of 
approximately  two-thirds  of  the  excess  of  all  Japanese  immigrants  over  emigrants 
coming  to  the  United  States,  came  to  California  during  the  ten-year  period  indicated 
above.) — From    V.   S.   Inftnigration   Reports. 


Section  11. 
BIRTH  RATE. 


3  — 44fi0 


BIRTH  RATE. 

In  the  following  section  appear : 

(1)  Figures  giving  total  births  of  Japanese  and  Chinese  for  the 
separate  years  of  1910  and  1919  and  also  the  total  births  for  these 
two  races  for  the  ten  years  1910  to  1919.  Japanese  increased  from 
719  births  in  1910  to  4378  births  in  1919. 

(2)  Relation  of  Japanese  births  to  total  births  in  the  state  given 
both  as  of  1910  and  the  increase  as  of  1919,  showing  in  1919  that 
one  out  of  every  13  children  bom  in  California  is  Japanese. 

(3)  Percentage  of  Japanese  births  as  to  total  births  in  18  selected 
agricultural  counties  of  the  state  for  the  year  1910  and  the  year 
1919,  shown  on  Chart  4,  showing  that  12.3  per  cent  of  total  births 
in  1919  in  these  counties  were  Japanese. 

(4)  Percentage  of  Japanese  births  to  total  births  in  Sacramento 
County  for  the  year  1919,  showing  in  rural  parts  of  county  in  1919 
that  49.7  per  cent  of  all  births  were  Japanese. 

(5)  Table  giving  registered  births  of  all  races  in  California,  with 
percentage  of  the  total  bom  to  each  race,  for  years  from  1910  to  1919. 
This  shows  whites  decreased  in  this  period  from  96.13  per  cent  of 
the  total  to  90.86  per  cent,  while  the  Japanese  increased  from  2.24 
per  cent  of  the  total  to  7.82  per  cent. 

(6)  Statement  of  Japanese  Association  of  America  expressing 
belief  that  Japanese  birth  rate  is  not  higher  than  that  of  other 
races. 

(7)  Relative  fecundity  of  whites  and  Japanese,  Tabulation  from 
United  States  Census,  1910,  giving  total  number  of  married  white 
women  in  California.  Tabulation  giving  birth  rate  among  the  white 
women  shown  by  this  United  States  Census  as  compared  to  the 
birth  rate  among  the  Japanese  married  women  in  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia shown  on  the  special  census  in  1919  by  Japanese  Association 
of  America.  Percentage  of  births  to  white  women  shown  to  be  9.9 
per  cent  while  the  number  of  children  bom  to  Japanese  women 
averaged  28.8  per  cent. 


35 


BIRTH    RATK.  37 


BIRTHS. 


Tho  following:  data  relative  to  births  of  Japanese  and  (Miiricsc;  in 
th<!  years  1910  and  1919  and  showing  the  total  births  for  each  of  the 
two  races  for  the  ten-year  period  lf)10-1919,  eonipilefl  from  data  of 
Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  indicates  the 
increases  in  those  races  for  the  period  and  the  comparison  between  the 
number  of  Japanese  births  and  the  total  births  in  the  state: 

(a) 

Race 

Japanese   

Chinese    


Births 

Births 

Total  for  ten  years 

1910 

1919 

1910-1919 

719 

4,378 

28,037 

277 

432 

3,822 

(b)  In  1910,  Japanese  births  represent  1  out  of  every  44  children 
born  in  the  state.  In  1919,  Japanese  births  represent  1  out  of  every 
13  children  bom  in  the  state. 

(c)  In  18  selected  agricultural  counties  of  the  state,  the  average 
births  of  Japanese  have  risen  from  3.2  per  cent  of  the  total  births 
in  1910  to  12.3  per  cent  in  1919.     (See  Chart  4  on  next  page.) 

In  the  rural  parts  of  Sacramento  County,  49.7  per  cent  of  all 
births  in  1919  were  Japanese. 

While  the  Japanese  birth  rate  is  far  in  excess  of  that  of  all  other 
nationalities  in  this  state,  this  is  not  infrequently  true  of  a  new  people 
immigrating  into  a  new  land. 

Also,  among  the  Japanese,  which  is  a  new  race  here,  most  of  the  adults 
are  comparatively  young  and  of  the  family-raising  ages,  while  among 
the  whites,  a  race  long  resident  in  California,  there  is  necessarily  the 
usual  proportion  of  elderly  persons. 


38 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


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Eighteen   selected    agricultural   counties  of   California. 
Black    portions    Indicate    percentage    of   Japanese    births. 


BIRTH  RATE, 


39 


The  following  table  gives  the  registered  births  of  all  races  in  Cali- 

fofiiia,  togethci-  vvilli  pci-centage  of  each  for  the  years  1010  to  lOlf). 

REGISTERED    BIRTHS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 

Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  1910  to  1919. 

Number  of  Births. 


Year 

Total 

Whites 

Japanese 

Negro 

Chinese 

Indiana 

1910 ..-- 

1911  ..    

1912   

32,138 
34.828 
39,330 
43.852 
46,012 
48,075 
50.638 
52230 
rw,922 
56,019 

30,893 
33,245 
37,194 
40,864 
42,281 
43,874 
46,272 
47,313 
.'^0  936 
50,898 

719 
995 

1,467 
2,215 
2,874 
3,342 
3,721 
4.108 
4,218 
4.378 

232 

258 
319 
343 
388 
392 
199 
328 
262 
256 

277 
307 
321 
381 
418 
429 
425 
419 
413 
432 

17 
23 
29 

191;? 

49 

1914  

61 

1915      .. 

38 

1916 

21 

1917               

62 

1918 ..     --. 

43 

1919*      

t55 

Total.s    

459,044 

423,820 

28.037 

2,977 

3,822 

388 

Per  Cent  of  Total  BiHhs. 


1910  . 

1911  . 

1912  . 

1913  . 

1914  . 

1915  . 

1916  . 

1917  . 

1918  . 
1919* 


96.13 

2.24 

.72 

86 

95.45 

2.86 

.74 

88 

94.57 

3.73 

.81 

82 

93.19 

5.05 

.78 

87 

91.89 

6.25 

.84 

91 

91.26 

6.95 

.82 

89 

91.38 

7.35 

.39 

84 

90.59 

7.87 

.63 

80 

91.17 

7.54 

.47 

74 

9086 

7.82 

.46 

77 

.05 
.07 
.07 
.11 
.11 
.08 
.04 
.11 
.08 
t.09 


The  above  table  shows  decrease  in  births  of  whites  from  96.13 
per  cent  of  the  total  in  1910  to  90.86  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1919, 
The  figures  also  show  an  increase  in  Japanese  births  from  2.24  per 
cent  of  the  total  in  1910  to  7.82  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1919. 


BIRTH  RATE. 

Concerning  the  subject  of  birth  rate  the  Japanese  had  the  following 
to  say  in  their  written  memorial  to  the  President  of  the  United  States 
prepared  by  the  Japanese  Association  of  America  (in  California)  dur- 
ing the  President's  last  trip  to  the  Coast  in  1919: 

"Of  late,  much  eloquence  has  been  spent  in  condemning  the  Japanese  birth  rate. 
It  is  alleged  that  the  Japanese  power  of  fecnndity  is  notoriously  high,  furnishing 
ground  for  the  fear  that  the  Japanese  will  become  the  dominating  race  in  California. 
The  white  races  will  be  driven  from  the  land.     Hence  the  terrible  "yellow  peril"! 


♦Subject  to  slight  corrections  by  reason   of  incomplete  reports, 
flncludes  other  races. 


40  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

But  in  reality,  we  are  not  even  certain  that  the  birth  rate  among  the  Japanese  is 
very  high.  We  have  no  statistics  to  prove  it.  No  one,  so  far  as  we  know,  has 
studietl  this  subject  scientifically.  No  one  has  given  us  statistics  showing  even 
elementary  facts  such  as  sex  distribution,  marital  condition,  age  composition,  etc.,  of 
the  Japanese  population.  Yet  without  these  facts  we  can  not  make  a  comparative 
study  of  the  birth  rate  between  any  two  races.  liut  let  it  be  granted,  for  the  sake 
of  expediency,  that  the  Japanese  birth  rate  in  California  is  higher  than,  say,  the 
American  birth  rate.  I'^vcn  if  this  is  true,  it  can  not  be  established  as  a  racial  trait 
of  the  Japanese.  It  is  probably  due  to  their  inferior  social,  economic  and  intellectual 
status.  The  ignorant  always  suffer  from  high  birth  rate,  which  are  always  accom- 
panied by  high  death  rates.  But  as  they  advance,  their  power  of  fecundity  falls. 
This  is  an  established  fact.  The  birth  rate  among  "old"  immigrant  races  is  fast 
falling.  As  the  Japanese  emerge  from  their  present  status,  their  birth  rate  too 
will  surely  fall.      (See  Appendix,  page  203.) 

Relative    Fecundity. 
As   to   the   relative  fecundity   of  Japanese   and   white   women,    the 
figures  following  are  submitted : 

MARRIED   WHITE   WOMEN    IN   CALIFORNIA.      (IN    AGE   GROUPS.) 
United  States  Census — 1910. 


ir  to  24  years 54,773 

25  to  44  years 258,508 

45  years  and  over. 132,315 


Totals    445,596 

The  above  figures  show  313,281  married  white  women  in  California 
ill  1910  under  45  years  of  age,  of  the  usual  child-bearing  ages. 

MARRIED   JAPANESE    WOMEN    IN    CALIFORNIA. 
Special  Census  in  1919  by  Japanese  Association  of  America. 

Northern  California   - 8,704  married  Japanese  women 

Southern  California   -. 6,507  Japanese  women 

Total -- 15,211 

The  marital  condition  of  the  6507  Japanese  women  in  Southern 
California  was  not  shown,  but  they  were  enumerated  in  a  separate  class 
from  the  children  of  both  sexes  ranging  from  1  to  19  years  of  age. 
Inasmuch  as  these  Japanese  women  are  classified  as  above  19  years  of 
age,  it  will  be  assumed,  for  purposes  of  comparison,  that  they  are  all 
married  and  of  child-bearing  ages.  In  so  doing,  the  possibility  of  over- 
stating the  birth  rate  is  practically  eliminated  and  the  results  of  such 
comparison  would  be  favorable  to  the  Japanese. 


BIRTH  RATE. 


41 


The  followirif^  table  shows  the  imrrilxT  of  ffiildren  born  to  these  whitf; 
women  and  these  Japanese  women,  together  with  percentages  of  births 
in  each  race: 


Year 

Married       1                                Number  nf 
women        1           ""t'*                    births 

Per  rent  (if 
births  t.i 
mothfrs 

1910 

313,281 
15,211 

White 
Japanese 

30,893 
4.378 

9.9 

1919    

28.8 

On  this  })asis,  the  fecundity  of  the  Japanese  is  nearly  three  times  that 
of  the  whites.  If  it  were  possible  to  select,  for  more  accurate  com- 
parison, those  white  married  women  who  were  of  a  social,  economic, 
and  intellectual  status  similar  to  tliat  of  the  Japanese,  the  disparity-  in 
birth  rates  would  undoubtedly  ])e  less  marked. 

There  are  approximately  three  times  as  many  Japanese  men  as  there 
are  Japanese  women  in  California.  Considering  the  high  birth  rate, 
under  present  conditions,  what  would  it  be,  were  there  Japanese 
women  in  California  sufficient  for  each  Japanese  man  to  establish 
a  household? 


JAPANESE    MEN    AND    WOMEN    IN    CALIFORNIA. 

Pre.Donderance   of    Men   Over   Women. 

Total  Japanes<>  population  in  California 87,'271) 

Minor  Japanese  children  in  California 21,R11 

Minor  children  temporarily  in  Japan  for  education 5,000 

Adult  Japanese  women  in  California 15,211 

41,822 

Total  Japanese  men  in  California.- 45,457 

There  are,  therefore,  45,457  men  to  15,211  women,  or  about  3  to  1. 


Section  III. 
LAND. 


43 


LAND. 

The  pages  immediately  following  show: 

(1)  Total  land  area  of  California.  Classification  of  these  lands. 
Lands  occupied  by  Orientals,  showing  total  of  623,752  acres  occupied 
by  Orientals.  Of  this  total,  Japanese  themselves  state  they  occupy 
427,029  acres,  which  is  an  increase  of  412.9  per  cent  in  the  past  ten 
years.  Including  holdings  of  Japanese-controlled  corporations,  the 
total  acreage  occupied  by  Japanese  is  458,056  acres. 

(2)  Total  irrigated  acreage  in  each  county  of  the  state  and  the 
portion  occupied  by  Orientals  in  each  county,  which  ranges  from  50 
per  cent  to  75  per  cent  of  the  total  in  some  counties. 

(3)  Crops  produced  in  California  in  1919,  prepared  by  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates,  giving 
summary  of  kinds  of  crops  and  total  values  of  each. 

(4)  Acreage  planted  and  farm  products  raised  by  Japanese  in 
the  two  years  1909  and  1919.  Figures  for  1909  compiled  by  State 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  and  those  for  1919  compiled  by  Japanese 
Association  of  California.  An  increase  in  value  of  Japanese-grown 
products  of  976.8  per  cent  is  shown  in  past  10  years. 

(5)  The  percentage  of  the  total  of  each  crop  delivered  to  the 
canneries  that  is  supplied  by  the  Japanese  growers. 

(6)  Relief  map  of  State  of  California,  showing  principal  agri- 
cultural districts  occupied  by  Orientals. 

(7)  Five  land  maps  of  five  of  the  richest  agricultural  districts  in 
California  showing  in  black  the  lands  occupied  by  Orientals. 

(8)  Expression  of  County  Horticultural  Commissioners  and  County 
Farm  Advisers  on  character  of  land  occupied  by  Orientals,  how 
leased,  whether  whites  would  farm  these  lands,  and  other  pertinent 
facts. 

(9)  Land  Legislation.  California  Alien  Land  Law  in  full.  Digest 
of  Alien  Land  Laws  of  Washington,  Arizona,  Mexico,  Australia, 
Japan,  Hawaiian  Islands  and  Philippine  Islands. 

(10)  Japan  has  ample  undeveloped  lands  for  her  population. 


45 


LAND.  47 


LAND.* 

Acres 

Total  hind  urea  of  California 99,617,280 

Consisting  of: 
National  forests  (not  includinK  private  lands  within  them)  18,418,643 

Unappropriated  public  lands  (July  1,  1919) 20.239,977 

Indian  reservations  463,041 

State  school  lands  (December  31,  1919) 745,798 

Private  timber  holdings ._ 4,555,941 

Miscellaneous - 27,262,436 

Farm  lands - 27,931,444 

99,617,280 

Farm  lands  classified  as  follows: 

Unimproved   --. 16,541,550 

Improved   11,389,894 

Irrigated    - 3,893,.5()0 

Unirrigated 7,496,394 

Oriental  occupancy  is  as  follows:  city  lots  Acres 

Owned  by  Japanese  or  bought  on  contract 1,036  74,769 

Owned  by  Chinese— - 546  12,076 

Owned  by  Hindus -  11  2,099 

Totals    1,593        88,944 

Under  lease  or  crop  contract: 

Japanese 383,287 

Chinese   65,181 

Hindus  —. 86,340 

Total 534,808 

Total  acreage  occupied  by  Orientals 623,752 


♦Taken  from  official  reports  of  U.  S.  Government,  State  Surveyor  General,  Federal 
Census,  and  Federal  Irrigation  Manager. 

Note. — Japanese  holdings  include  lands  owned,  leased,  or  under  contract  of  purchase 
by  corporations  controlled  by  Japanese. 


48 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE    ORIENTAL. 


DECEMBER    31,    1919. 


LauilH  occupied  by   Oilentr.U.   both  IrrlgaleU  >"(1   uiilrrlgaledT 

HllUllI!! 


Alameda 

Alpine 

Amador   

Butte  - 

Calaveras    

Colusa 

Contra  Costa  ... 

Del  Norte  

El  Dorado  

Fresno    

fiienn  

Humboldt    

Imperial    .. ... 

Inyo 

Kern 

Kings  .-- 

Lake 

Lassen    

Los  Angeles  

Madera   

Marin    

Mariposa    

McndoeiiK) 

Merced 

Modoc  

Mono   

Monterey 

Napa    

Nevada -. 

Orange  

Placer --. 

Plumas 

Riverside    

Sacramento    

San  Benito   

San  Bernardino 

San  Diego 

San   Francisco   . 

San  Joaquin 

San  Luis  Obispo 

San  Mateo  

Santa   Barbara 

Santa  Clara  

Santa  Cruz  

Shasta    

Sierra    

Siskiyou    

Solano    

Sonoma   

Stanislaus  

Sutter  

Tehama   

Trinity  ..- 

Tulare 

Tuolumne  

Ventura  

Yolo 

Yuba 


3.700 

4,000 

1,000 

85,000 

1.500 

70,00) 

30,000 


1.150         2,640 


147 

4,943       10.840  91 


80 

'800' 


775 


4.2-20 


4.500 

575,0C0 

70.000 

500 

425,000 

80,00'J 

200,000 

160.000 

700 

75,000 

247,C00 

60.000 

100 

500 

l.OCO 

17(..0C0 

90,000 

40,C00 

35,000 

1,5C0 

50C0 

65.000 

19,000 

30.000 

85,000 

80,000 

7.000 

70,000 

25.000 

5(0 

130.000 

2.O0O 

4,000 

20.000 

5C.O0O 

l.-^OO 

ro.ot^o 

20000 

65.000 

5000 

4.000 

270,000 

45,000 

20,000 

7,000 

2S5.000 

2.5CO 

40.000 

60.000 

15.000 


145 
705 


22.290 
5,681 


820 


17,610 
1,153 


14,C05 


3'^7 
15.9a> 
14.095 


1,065 


460 
960 


107 

34 

3  0 

250 

2,638 


9,462 


23         2.270 


15.921 
12,610 


543 
50 
40 


90 
1,033 


99 

1,550 

136 

88 
85 


866 

46096 

4,769 

63 

1,756 


5 
1.705 


12,905 


102 


17,793 

""33" 

"'§43' 
343 


51,884 

13ft47 

1,615 

2.759 

4,284 


5.703       16,125 


40 


15 
10 


678       10.865 


1.887 

2,947 

790 


850 

5.755 

16,691 

1,296 


359 


1,920 


>306 


1,794 


562 


752 

2-20 

30 

180 


1,944  2,356 
109  7,537 
171        10,910 


177 


640 
3,158 


10,240 
1.212 


190 


540 
13.915 


803   33.470  

80 

32,310 

i  

2,381  .   ..      40 

"'2;560" 

1,067    8650     560 

— :,   1,000 

1,616   42,911      19 
1,080     440     160 

2,130 

6j       Kt 

8,720    2,090      10 

75 


423 


600 
2,529 


3,898 

"im 


443  6,901 


131 


20 


Tot  H  If 


3.«A.V10        71.769      ;W.S.287         12,076  1      fio.lKI 


2.<«7 


6,800 


♦Prepared  by  Frank  Adams.  tFroni  Comity  Records,  County  Assessors, 
Federal  Irrigation  Manager  Tax  Collectors,  Farm  Advisers  and  Horticul- 
for  California. tural  Commissioners. 


LAND. 


49 


SUMMARY. 

California    Crop    Production,    1919.     U.    S.    Department   of    Aflricuiture,    Bureau    of 

Crop    Estimates. 


Crop 


Corn    I      $4,908,;^ 

Wheat    I      ;W,OW). 

Barley    1      42,5GI 

Oats  - i        4,942,; 

Potatoes  (white) 18,28«,l 

Hay    75,889,1 

Beans - —      21,322,5 

Grain  sorghums 0,747,1 

Sugar  beets  '      10,6;V2,1 

Kice  20,877,' 

Cotton  

Onions   

Truck  crops  

Cantaloupes 

Sweet  potatoes 
Apples    — 


Crop 


Poaches   $25,901,0  0 


I'ear.s 

Apricots   

Prunes   _- 

I'luin.s   

( 'iierries    

VValnut.s    

Almonds    .... 

Fif^s   .. 

Oranges 

Lemons    

Raisins    

Grapes  (wine  and  table). 


8,(J98.(XJ0 

13..'jG4,WJ0 

3I.344,0(;0 

2.575,2(0 

1. 860.000 

14,840,000 

2.998,r»(J<l 

2,5.'{7,.7)() 

45,833.(XX) 

1 1  .X.'.iMi) 

35,6.5H,(XX) 

16,485,OJO 


Total    S507.811.88l 


JAPANESE    FARM    PRODUCTS— 1909   AND   1919. 

Figures    for    1909    Compiled    by    State    Bureau    of    Labor    Statistics;    Figures    for    1919 
Complied    by    Japanese    Agricuiturai    Association    of    California. 


Kind  of  crop 


Berries  - ■        4.587 

Celery 

Asparagus  

Seeds  and  nursery 652 

Onions   

Tomatoes    _.- 

Sugar  beets  56i3 

Cantaloupes    

Green  vegetables 33,467 

Potatoes    

Hops   273 

Grapes   .. 9,657 

Beans    

Fruits  and  nuts 23,139 

Hay,  grain,  corn 910 

Rice    

Cotton  193 

Miscellaneous   -- 4,722 

Unimproved  ' 

Totals    - 83,253 


Value  of  proiliu-t.s 


5,949 

3,518 

10,027 

16.847 

9,883 

7.916 

51,224 

13,481 

44,188 

17,663 

1,260 

54,246 

41,500 

46,930 

43,C84 

24,C00 

13.000 

3.011 

18,402 


$729,731 


206,770 


271.050 


2517,160 

46,000 
435,350 


1,753,210 
28.530 


427,029 


17,100 
230.955 


$3,629,400 
1,105,400 
1.804,860 
3.369,400 
3,459.050 
1,068.660 
4.800,360 
2,822,150 

10.997,000 
5.298,900 
743,400 
8,136,900 
2,525,000 
8,457,400 
2,611,100 
3,600,000 
1,950,000 
766,750 


$6,235,856     $67,145,730 


Increa.se  from  1909  to  1910  in  lands  oocupierl  by  Japanese — 412.9  per  cent. 

Increase  from  1909  to  1919  in  value  of  crops  raised  by  Japanese — 9TG.8  per  cent. 

Note — In  1909  their  activities  were  centered  in  23  counties:  now  in  20  counties, 
the  additional  counties  being  Butte.  Colusa.  Glenn.  Yuba.  Merced  and  Stanislaus. 
The  only  additional  crops  are  rice,  cotton  and  cantaloupes,  the  remaining  crops  not 
specifically  tabulated  in  1909  being  included  in  the  groups  "Green  vegetables"  and 
'M'sc^iinneous." 
4—4460 


50  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

PERCENTAGE   OF  TOTAL   OF   EACH   CROP    DELIVERED  TO   CANNERIES 
THAT   IS   SUPPLIED    BY   JAPANESE    GROWERS. 

Tomatoes. 

Per  cent 

Sacramento   District    80 

(Fullj'  50  per  cent  is  operated  exclusively  by  Japanese  while  another  30  per 
cent  is  dependent  on  Japane^se  labor  with  whom  the  American  owners 
are  in  partnership  on  a  share  basis.  These  two,  taken  togetiior,  make 
up   the  80  per  cent.) 

Turlock    District    70 

Santa  Clara  Valley  District., (K) 

Kings    County    District 50 

Suisun    District    .'{l 

Afiixirayiis. 
Sacramento    District    Gl 

Spinach, 

Sacramento   District   7S 

Kings    County    District 90 

Santa  Clara  County   District 82 

Modesto   District    100 

Other  Vegetahles. 

Sacramento    District 90 

Santa  Clara  Valley  District 100 

Peaches,  Pears,  Apricots,  Plums,  Chenries. 

Sacramento   District    7 

Turlock    District    6 

Graton   District   2 

Kings    County    District 4.'3 

Suisun    District    14 

Yuba    City    District 9 

Alameda    District    8 

Santa  Clara   Valley  District 3 

Modesto    District    2 

Contra    Costa    District 1 

LAND. 

The  preceding  statistics  show  3,893,500  acres  now  being  irrigated 
in  California  which  comprise,  very  largely,  the  best  lands  in  the  state. 
Of  this  total,  Orientals,  on  December  31,  1919,  occupied  623,752  acres, 
approximately  16  per  cent  of  the  total,  of  which  88',9-14  was  owned  in 
fee  or  under  contract  of  purchase  and  534,808  acres  was  held  by  lease 
or  crop  contract.  Japanese  and  Japanese  corporations  occupy  458,056 
acres  of  the  whole  total. 

While  it  is  not  absolutely  true  that  all  lands  occupied  by  Orientals 
are  irrigated,  this  is  so  nearly  the  fact  that  for  all  practical  calcula- 
tions, the  figures  given  for  Oriental  holdings  may  be  taken  as  irrigated 
lands.  A  few  counties,  notably  San  Luis  Obispo  and  Solano,  show 
Orientals  occupying  considerably  more  acreage  than  the  total  number 
of  irrigated  acres  given  in  the  schedule  for  these  counties.  However, 
the  very  nature  of  the  crops  raised  by  the  Orientals  necessitates 
irrigation. 

With  this  slight  qualification  in  mind,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
in  some  of  the  richest  counties  in  the  state.  Orientals  occupy  a  total 
acreage  ranging  from  fifty  to  seventy-five  per  cent  of  the  total  irrigated 


LAND.  51 

area,  notal)].y  San  Joa(iuin  County  with  a  total  of  130,000  irrigated 
acres  with  Orientals  occupying  'J5,829  acres;  Colusa  County  with  a 
total  of  70,000  with  Orientals  occupying  51,105;  Placer  County  with 
]9,000  total.  Orientals  occupying  16,321;  and  Sacramento  County  with 
80,000  total.  Orientals  occupying  64,860. 

It  is  but  fair  to  state  again  tTiat  this  comparison  is  not  absolutely 
accurate  because  the  total  irrigated  areas  given  on  land  Schedule  No.  2 
are  actual  irrigated  lands,  whereas  the  totals  of  acreage  occupied  by 
Orientals  in  each  county  include  all  acreage  irrigated  and  unirrigated 
occupied  by  Orientals.  However,  very  little  grain  crops  or  other 
unirrigated  crops  are  raised  by  Orientals  and  a  very  small  percentage 
of  the  total  acreage  occupied  by  Orientals  is  uncultivated  and  without 
crops  of  any  kind;  the  total  idle  acreage  uncropped  being  about  6'| 
per  cent  of  the  total  acreage  occupied  by  Orientals. 

Under  the  schedule  of  Japanese  Farm  Products,  the  figures  compiled 
by  the  State  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  for  1909  show  the  total  acreage 
occupied  by  Japanese  at  that  time  to  be  83,252  and  the  acreage  shown 
for  the  year  1919  by  the  Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of  Cali- 
fornia is  427,029*,  an  increase  in  the  ten  year  period  of  412.9  per  cent. 
The  report  for  crop  valuations  for  1909  shows  $6,235,856  and  for  the 
year  1919  a  total  of  $67,145,730,  a  total  increase  in  value  of  crops 
raised  by  Japanese  during  the  ten  year  period,  of  976.8  per  cent. 
Because  of  the  character  of  the  crops  raised  by  Japanese,  their  activi- 
ties are  confined  almost  entirely  to  twenty-nine  counties  in  the  state, 
these  being  the  highly  developed  agricultural  sections. 

According  to  the  Japanese  Association  of  America  in  their  memorial 
address  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  upon  his  visit  to  the  Coast 
in  1919,  "The  Japanese  in  agriculture  constitute  the  most  important 
element  in  number  as  well  as  in  other  respects,"  this  statement  having 
been  made  in  reference  to  Japanese  in  California. 

Mr.  Toyoji  Chiba,  Managing  Director  of  the  Japanese  Agricultural 
Association  of  California,  says  in  his  Truth  of  the  Japanese  Farming 
in  California  that  58  per  cent  of  the  Japanese  living  in  California  are 
settled  in  agricultural  production  in  the  country. 

Should  the  American  farmer  view  with  alarm  this  rapid  increase 
in  agricultural  lands  occupied  by  Orientals,  with  the  attendant  increase 
in  total  annual  crop  valuations? 

Japanese  Proud  of  Achievements. 
The  Japanese,  themselves,  point  with  pride  to  their  achievements  in 
agricultural  pursuits  in  California  and  declare  that  their  efforts  in 
agricultural  development  have  enhanced  land  values  and  have  served 
to  furnish  an  important  part  of  the  food  supply  of  the  state.  In  the 
memorial  address  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  heretofore 
mentioned,  the  Japanese  Association  of  America  points  out  the  magni- 
tude and  success  of  the  rice  industry  in  California,  following  its  statis- 
tics upon  the  subject  with  this  language : 

*Does  not  include  about  31,000  acres  being  bought  under  contract  by  Japanese- 
controlled  corporations. 


52  CALIFORNIA    AND   TUE    ORIENTAL. 

"Japanese  were  not  tlie  first  to  try  rieo  in  California,  but  they  were 
the  first  to  make  it  a  comnien-ial  proposition.  They  were  the  first  to 
apply  with  practical  success  the  experimental  results  of  the  govern- 
ment rice  station  at  Biggs.  And  they  were  the  ones  who  stuck  to 
rice  through  all  the  years  before  the  industry  emerged  from  its 
uncertainties  and  became  firmly  established." 

"The  Japanese  demonstrated  success  and  the  American  farmers  wlio 
have  since  been  getting  rich  out  of  the  industry  and  who  now  greatly 
outnumber  the  Japanese  rice  planters,  must  admit  that  their  prosperity 
is  founded  on  tlie  structure  l)uilt  by  the  daring  and  persistence  of  the 
Japanese." 

"There  is  something  more.  This  i)ionivriiig  developed  u  huge  food 
production  on  land  that  in  most  eases  will  not  grow  anything  else. 
It  is  admitted  that  the  rice  industry  has  been  created  out  of  nothing." 

Speaking  further  of  Japanese  agricultural  activities  in  other  locali- 
ties, the  memorial  states,  "Again,  vast  acres  along  the  lower  Sacramento 
and  the  San  Joaquin  reclaimed  from  an  original  condition  of  swamp 
and  tule  beds;  long  reaches  of  orchard  and  vineyard  on  the  east  side 
of  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys  developed  from  a  semi- 
desert,  where  at  the  best  only  crops  of  hay  or  grain  were  produced 
before ;  great  areas  of  garden  and  orchard  in  the  Santa  Clara  Valley 
which,  in  like  fashion,  have  sprung  up  on  former  hay  fields ;  and  many 
other  improvements  in  various  parts  of  the  state  testify  to  the  pioneer- 
ing of  the  Japanese." 

Speaking  of  the  character  of  the  crops  raised  by  Japanese,  Mr.  Chiba, 
Managing  Director  of  the  Japanese  Agricultural  Association,  in  his 
article  heretofore  mentioned,  has  the  following  to  say  when  referring 
to  the  proportion  of  the  total  farm  products  of  the  state  which 
Japanese  raise. 

"Ten  per  cent  of  the  total  output  (in  1918)  was  produced  by  Japa- 
nese. Of  this  10  per  cent  of  farm  products,  those  with  which  Japanese 
have  most  to  do  are  truck  crops,  such  as  strawberries,  asparagus,  celery 
and  tomatoes,  of  which  80  per  cent  to  90  per  cent  of  the  entire  out- 
put in  the  state  is  produced  by  Japanese.  But  these  crops  all  require 
a  stooping  posture,  great  manual  dexterity  and  painstaking  methods 
of  work  which  other  laborers  with  long  legs  unsuitable  for  stooping 
can  not  endure.  Not  only  this,  but  this  is  a  kind  of  farming  which 
Americans  and  immigrants  from  Europe  dislike  to  follow.  Hence,  it 
is  perfectly  clear  that  if  the  Japanese  had  nothing  to  do  with  this  kind 
of  farming  the  output  of  such  products  in  California  would  be  reduced 
more  than  half.  In  the  growing  of  cantelonpes  which  are  produced 
in  the  United  States  only  in  localities  with  the  hottest  climates,  like 
the  Imperial  Valley  in  California  and  Rocky  Ford  in  Colorado,  where 
they  are  mostly  produced,  the  heat  at  ripening  time  is  intense,  espe- 
cially in  the  Imperial  Valley,  where  it  exceeds  140  degrees  Fahrenheit." 


LAND.  53 


LAND  MAPS 

Showing 

ORIENTAL  OCCUPANCY 

On  the  i'oUou'ing  page  is  given  a  relief  map  of  California,  showing 
mountain  ranges  and  the  valley  lands  capable  of  intense  cultivation. 
On  tliis  map  has  been  drawn  five  squares,  outlining  five  of  the  richest 
.igricultural  districts  in  California  occupied  by  Orientals. 

The  map  shows  considerable  mountain  areas,  and  of  the  valley  lands 
tliere  are  l)ut  3,893,500  acres  now  under  irrigation.  It  is  on  these 
lands,  tlie  liest  in  the  State,  that  the  Oriental  has  colonized  and  now 
occupies  023,752  acres,  of  which  458,056  acres  are  occupied  by  Japanese. 

On  pages  following  this  relief  map  are  five  different  maps  corre- 
sponding to  the  five  districts  outlined  in  the  relief  map,  and  which 
show  extent  of  Oriental  occupancy  in  each  district,  as  follows: 

Map  No.  1 — Rice  district  of  Glenn,  Colusa  and  Butte  counties. 

^lap  No.  2 — Asparagus,  Berry,  Vegetable,  Fruit  and  Vineyard 
sections  of  San  Joaquin,  Sacramento,  Solano,  Yolo,  Sutter  and 
Placer  counties. 

Map  .\().  3 — Vineyard  and  Fruit  districts  of  Frc^sno,  Kings  and 
'i'ulai'e  counties. 

Map  No.  4 — Vegetable  and  Fruit  districts  of  Los  Angeles  and 
Orange  counties. 

Map  No.  5 — Cantaloupe  and  ^'egetal)le  districts  of  Imperial 
county. 

Black  spots  indicate  Oriental  areas. 


54 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


^ 


California -ND THE  Oriental 

1920 

RELIEF  MAP  OF  STATE  SHOWING 
PRINCIPAL  DISTRICTS  OCCUPIED  BV 

JAPANESE 

CHINESE 

HINDUS 


Map,  1 


J^^^, 


-Map  .2 


Map,  3 


LEGEND 

Dark  Sections 
Occupied  by  Orientals 

.  Principal  State  Highways 

{Approximate  limits  of 
Secramenbs  and  San 
Jo8<]uin  Valleys 


Map, 4 


RCLItF    MAP    OF 

CALI  FORNIA 

or    N  r.PRAKE 
OeOLOQICAL     DEPAWTMENT 

STAnTORD  university  CALir. 


Maps 


LAND. 


55 


MAP    NO.    1. 


56  CALIFORNIA    AND    TUP:    ORIKNTAL. 

County    Horticultural   Commissioners   Express   Themselves. 

For  the  purpose  of  securing  answers  from  well  qualified  sources 
to  the  various  questions  asked  both  by  the  Oovernor  and  by  the  Legisla- 
ture, this  Board  sent  out  a  questionnaire  to  all  of  the  county  horticul- 
tural commissioners  and  county  farm  advisers  in  the  state.  The 
information  returned  indicated  that  there  are  57  counties  having 
horticultural  commissioners  of  which  14  report  practically  no  Oriental 
population,  those  counties  being  the  following:  Alpine.  Calaveras, 
Del  Norte,  Humboldt,  Lake,  Lassen,  Modoc,  Mono,  Plumas.  Shasta, 
Sierra,  Siskiyou,  Trinity  and  Tuolumne. 

Five  more  report  verj^  few  Orientals  at  present  in  the  following 
counties:     ]Marin,   Mariposa,  ^Mendocino,   Napa  and  Nevada. 

This  leaves,  therefore,  38  counties  out  of  the  57  having  horticultural 
commissioners  which  have  a  real  Oriental  problem.  Some  of  the  other 
counties,  however,  reported  on  some  of  the  questions  asked.  The 
questions  asked  and  the  summary  of  the  answers  received  are  as 
follows : 

Question  1 : 

Could    or   would    tli(>    lan<ls   now   beiiiy;   farmrd    In    I  In-   Cliiiirso.   .Tapaiioso  ami 
Hindus  be  cuitivau-d  by  native  whites? 
Answer : 
37  "Yes." 
1  "No." 

3  "Could   but   wouldn't." 
1  "Would  if  necessary." 

1  "Would  if  change  were  gradual." 

Question  2: 

Give   x)€rtinent    facts    concerning    methods    used    by    these    races    in    securing 
land  leases. 
Answer : 

17  say  "Japanese  pay  more  rent  in  cash  or  share"  ; 

4  say  "Japanese  use  same  means  as  any  other  in  obtaining  leases"  ; 

2  say  "Jai)auese  obtain   leases  by   clearing  land   and   developing  other  lands 
to  orchards  for  use  of  land." 

Others  say  "Japanese  are  aided  by  large  fruit  companies  in  obtaining  leases"; 
"local  banks  aid  them"  :  "shortage  of  labor  has  been  the  cause  of  Ameri- 
cans leasing  instead  of  o|)orating  tht-mselves" ;  "cooperation  is  a  factor 
frequently   used  by  Japanese   in  ol)taining  leases." 

Question  3  : 

What  is  general   character  of  lands  owned   by   Orientals? 
Answer : 

25  "Best  land." 
4  "Average." 

1  "Part  of  county  early  developed   was  very  shallow  soil." 

Others  report :  "Rice  soils,"  but  rice  soils  farmed  by  all  races  are  alike  in 
this  respect. 

Question  4  : 

What  is  general  character  of  lands  leased  by  Orientals? 
Answer : 

17  "Best  lands." 

13  "Fruit  and  vineyard." 
4  "Rice  lands." 

2  "Average   lands." 

Others  report  "Best  truck  garden  lands." 


LAND. 


57 


MAP    NO.   2. 


58  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Question  5  : 

Is   there   tendency    towards   colonization    in    particular   locations? 
Answer : 

19  "Yes." 

17  "No,  not  yet." 

Question  6 : 

To  what  extent  do  Orientals  displace  white  labor? 
Answer : 

1  "SO  per  cent  in  orchards." 

3  "50  per  cent." 

1  "75  per  cent." 

2  "25  per  cent   in  orchards  and  vineyards." 
(5  "No  displacement." 

Others  report  "Complete  displacement  to  the  extent  of  the  total  number  of 
Japanese  men  and  the  women  who  work  at  all  kinds  of  labor  except  the 
stooping  work,  such  as  weeding  rice  and  in  the  beet  fields  and  in  the  peat 
districts  of  delta." 

Question  7 : 

In  what  special   kinds  of  agricultural   labor  are  these   races  most  useful  and 
active? 
AnsTver : 

8  "In  fruit." 

G  "In  truck   and   fruit." 

5  "Berry  and   fruit." 

3  "Vineyard    and   fruit." 

3  "Nursery,  florist  and  seeds." 

5  "Rice." 

Others :  "In  all  stooping  work  in  rice  and  beet  fields." 

Question  8 : 

Give  wage  comparisons  with  notes  on  living  conditions. 
Answer : 

19   report   "Same   wage  scales,"   excei)t    some   of   these   report   that   "Japanese 

work  longer  if  on  hourly  scale  and  earn  more." 
8  "Higher    wages    demanded    and    received    by    Japanese."     Others    report : 
"Japanese   will   work   only   for  their  own  people  and   that  this  is  a   fast- 
growing  tendency   everywhere   the  Japanese  is  today."     All   who  cover  this 
point   report  "lower  living  conditions." 

County  Farm  Advisers  Answer  Important  Queries. 

Of  the  35  counties  having  farm  advisers,  6  of  these  report  practi- 
cally no  Oriental  population  at  present;  these  six  counties  being  as 
follows:     Kern,  Mendocino,  Napa,  Nevada,  Shasta  and  Tehama. 

Eight  counties  having  farm  advisers  made  no  report  at  all. 

The  questions  asked  and  the  summary  of  the  answers  received  are 
as  follows: 

Question  1 : 

Could   or   would    the   lands   now   being   farmed    by   the   Ciiiuese,    Japanese   and 
Hindus  be  cultivated  by  native  whites? 
Answer : 
21  "Yes." 
1  "Could,  but  wouldn't." 
1  "Yes,    except   the   peat   soil." 


S.i' 


-^  -m. 

">  '■  '.-  ■ 

.;>  '•    \r. 

'  i  •  ■  • 

",      '  '  m"  * 

,:^v 

■*»        •            "*. .        ;          , 

'  i.  ^ 

.'■  ,        ■       '•  :  '           *!■ 

«.  ' 

■  ,  *•                          ^>   f 

.  '4 

■.  ■•    4-. 

1 

^-         r>       -          '^. 

60  CALIFORNIA    AND   TIIi:    ORIENTAL. 

Question  2 : 

fiive    pertinent    facts    concerning    nuthods    i  sed    by    tlicse    race.^s    in    secuiinij 
land   leases. 
An.swer  : 

8  "Japanese  pay  more  rent." 

(>  "Japanese  pay  ordinary  rent." 

2  "Fruit   companies    aid    Japanese." 

1   "Japaiie.se  ;;ain  leases  by  refusing  to  harvest  croi)  and  force  owner  lo  lease." 
1  "Owners  want   to  move  to   town  to  live." 

Question  3  : 

What  Ls  general  character  of  lands  owned  by  Orientals? 
Answer : 

3  "Best    land." 

1  "N'incyard   and   delta." 

4  "Orchards." 

2  "Average." 
1  "flood." 

1  "Truck." 

1  "Florin,   poor  soil." 

Question  4  : 

What  is  general   cliavacler  of  lands  leased  by  Orientals? 
Answer : 

5  "Best   laud." 
7  "Fruit." 

3  "Kice." 
1  "Good." 

1  "Poultry." 
1  "Vineyard." 
1  "Delta." 

Question  5  : 

Is   there   tendency   towards  colonization   in   particular   locations? 
An.swer : 
10  "Yes." 
9  "No." 
1  "Just  starting  to  colonize." 

Question  0 : 

To  what  extent  do   Orientals  disi)liice    \\liit('   labor? 
Answer : 

r>  "To  the  extent   of  tlu'  number  of  aliens  witrkin;,'  in   farming  activities." 

I    "30  per  cent  of  fruit." 

1    "Entirely  in   fruit." 

1   "In   all   kinds  of  farming   lo   llic  cxleut  of  cipial    numbers." 

1  "Small   disidacemont." 
r»  "Xo  dis[)lacenient." 

Question  7  : 

In   what  sjjccial   kinds   of  agriccKui'al    labor  are   these   races   most   us.  rul   ami 
active? 
Answer : 

n  "Rice." 
10  "Fruit." 
4  "Beet." 
1  "Hops." 
1  "Truck." 
Question  8 : 

Give  wage  comjiarisons  with   notes  on  li\ing  conditions. 
Answer : 

0  "Same  as   whites." 
.")  ".No  wanes  jiaid  ;  work  by  contract." 

2  "\\'oik   only    for  own    race." 
.'*.   "Higher    wages." 

1  "Lower    wages." 
All    rejiort    "lower   living   conditions." 


LAND. 


MAP    NO   4. 


61 


62  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

LAND  LEGISLATION. 

The  following  pages  contain: 

(1)  Alien  land  law  of  California,  1913. 

(2)  Digest  of  alien  land  laws  of  Washington  and  Arizona. 

(3)  Digest  of  land  laws  of  some  countries  bordering  the  Pacific 
Mexico,  Japan,  Australia,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Philippine  Islands. 


CALIFORNIA   ALIEN    LAND   LAW. 
Enacted   by   State   Legislature   in   1913. 

Chapter  118. 

An  act  relating  to  the  rights,  powers  and  disabilitiis  of  aliens  and  of 
certain  companies,  associations  and  corporations  with  respect  to 
property  in  this  state,  providing  for  escheats  in  certain  cases,  pre- 
scribing the  procedure  therein,  and  repeating  all  acts  or  parts  of 
acts  inconsistent  or  in  conflict  herewith. 

(Approved  May  19,  1913.) 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California  do  enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  All  aliens  eligible  to  citizenship  under  the  laws  of  the 
United  States  may  acquire,  possess,  enjoy,  transmit  and  inherit  real 
property,  or  any  interest  therein,  in  this  state,  in  the  same  manner  and 
to  the  same  extent  as  citizens  of  the  United  States,  except  as  otherwise 
provided  by  the  laws  of  this  state. 

Section  2.  All  aliens  other  than  those  mentioned  in  section  one  of 
this  act  may  acquire,  pcssess;  enjoj^  and  transfer  real  property,  or  any 
interest  therein,  in  this  state,  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent  and  for 
the  purposes  prescribed  by  any  treaty  now  existing  between  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  and  the  nation  or  country  of  which  such 
alien  is  a  citizen  or  subject  and  not  otherwise,  and  may  in  addition 
thereto  lease  lands  in  this  state  for  agricultural  purposes  for  a  term  not 
exceeding  three  years. 

(The  above  paragraph  refers  to  The  Treaty  of  Commerce  and  Navi- 
gation of  1911  between  America  and  Japan.  See  full  text  as  part  of 
this  report,  p.  115.) 

Section  3.  Any  company,  association  or  corporation  organized  under 
the  laws  of  this  or  any  other  state  or  nation,  of  which  a  majority  of 
the  members  are  aliens  other  tlian  those  specified  in  section  one  of  this 
act,  or  in  which  a  majority  of  the  issued  capital  stock  is  owned  by  such 
aliens,  may  acquire,  possess,  enjoy  and  convej'  real  property,  or  any 
interest  therein,  in  this  state,  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent  and  for 
the  purposes  prescribed  by  any  treaty  now  existing  between  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  and  the  nation  or  country  of  which  sueli 
members  or  stockholders  are  citizens,  or  subjects,  and  not  otherwise, 
and  may  in  addition  thereto  lea.se  lands  in  this  state  for  agrionltural 
purposes  for  a  term  not  exceeding  three  years. 


LAND. 


63 


MAP    NO.    5. 


64  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Section  4.  Whenever  it  appears  to  the  court  in  any  probate  pro- 
ceeding that  by  reason  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  any  heir  or  devisee 
can  not  take  real  property  in  this  state  which,  but  for  said  provisions, 
said  heir  or  devisee  would  take  as  such,  the  court,  instead  of  ordering  a 
distribution  of  such  real  property  to  such  heir  or  devisee  shall  order 
a  sale  of  said  real  property  to  bo  made  in  the  manner  provided  by  law 
for  probate  sales  of  real  property,  and  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  shall  be 
distributed  to  such  heir  or  devisee  in  lieu  of  such  real  property. 

Section  5.  Any  real  property  hereafter  acquired  in  fee  in  violation  of 
the  provisions  of  this  act  by  any  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  of  this 
act,  or  by  any  company,  association  or  corporation  mentioned  in  section 
three  of  this  act,  shall  escheat  to,  and  become  and  remain  the  property 
of  the  State  of  California.  The  attorney  general  shall  in.stitute  pro- 
ceedings to  have  the  escheat  of  such  real  property  adjudged  and  enforced 
in  the  manner  provided  by  section  four  hundred  seventy-four  of  the 
Political  Code  and  title  eight,  part  three  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 
Upon  the  entr>'  of  final  judgment  in  such  proceedings,  the  title  to  such 
real  property  shall  pass  to  the  State  of  California.  The  provisions  of 
this  section  and  of  sections  two  and  three  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to 
any  real  property  hereafter  acquired  in  the  enforcement  or  in  satisfac- 
tion of  any  lien  now  existing  upon,  or  interest  in  such  property,  so  long 
as  such  real  property  so  acquired  shall  remain  the  property  of  the 
alien,  company,  association  or  corporation  acquiring  the  same  in  such 
manner. 

Section  6,  Any  leasehold  or  other  interest  in  real  property  less  than 
the  fee,  hereafter  acquired  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  by 
any  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  of  this  act,  or  by  any  company, 
association,  or  corporation  mentioned  in  section  three  of  this  act,  shall 
escheat  to  the  State  of  California.  The  attorney  general  shall  institute 
proceedings  to  have  such  escheat  adjudged  and  enforced  as  provided  in 
section  five  of  this  act.  In  such  proceedings  the  court  shall  determine 
and  adjudge  the  value  of  such  leasehold,  or  other  interest  in  such  real 
property,  and  enter  judgment  for  the  state  for  the  amount  thereof 
together  with  costs.  Thereupon  the  court  shall  order  a  sale  of  real 
property  covered  by  such  leasehold,  or  other  interest,  in  the  manner 
provided  by  section  1271  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  Out  of  the 
proceeds  arising  from  such  sale,  the  amount  of  the  judgment  rendered 
for  the  state  shall  be  paid  into  the  state  treasury  and  the  balance  shall 
be  deposited  with  and  distributed  by  the  court  in  accordance  with  the 
interest  of  the  parties  therein. 

Section  7.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  as  a  limitation  upon 
the  power  of  the  state  to  enact  laws  with  respect  to  the  acquisition, 
holding  or  disposal  by  aliens  of  real  property  in  this  state. 

Section  8.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent,  or  in  conflict  with 
the  provisions  of  this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 


LAND.  65 

California   Alien    Land   Law  of  1913 — How  evaded. 

The  intent  of  this  law  was  to  prevent  aliens  who  are  irielif^ible  to 
citizenship  from  owning  land  in  California.  This,  however,  does  not 
prevent  American  born  children  of  "ineligible"  alien  parents  from 
owning  land,  and  such  ineligible  aliens  soon  resorted  to  the  expedient 
of  purchasing  land  in  the  names  of  their  American  born  children, 
thereby  acquiring  the  entire  control  of  the  land  thus  owned,  as  though 
purchased  direct  by  such  aliens. 

Inasmuch  as  very  few  of  the  American  born  children  of  such  aVum 
parents  have  attained  legal  age,  it  is  necessary  to  secure  the  appointment 
of  u  guardian  of  lawful  age,  or  a  properly  qualified  trustee,  to  act  for 
each  of  such  minor  property  holders.  In  many  instances,  the  ineligible 
alien  parent  has  applied  for  guardianship  and  has  been  appointed. 
Recently,  however,  superior  courts  of  this  state  have  denied  petitions 
for  guardianship  filed  by  ineligible  aliens,  as  involving  evasions  of  the 
land  laws  of  the  state.  Consequently,  many  of  these  minor  children 
are  now  owning  and  holding  land  in  their  own  names  without  guardian 
or  trustee,  subject,  of  course,  to  the  limitations  of  minors  as  to  transfer, 
etc.,  of  real  property.  (Records  of  superior  courts  for  the  counties  of 
Sutter,  Los  Angeles,  Tulare  and  Fresno.) 

For  the  purpose  of  acquiring  alien  control  of  land  without  the  limita- 
tions imposed  by  guardianship,  or  the  difficulties  of  reconveyance  by 
minor  children,  the  Japanese  resorted  to  the  formation  of  corporations. 
The  law  requires  that  a  majority  of  the  stock  be  held  by  American 
citizens.  To  overcome  this  provision,  51  per  cent  of  stock  is  issued  to 
an  American  citizen,  usually  the  attorney  for  the  corporation  or  some 
employee  in  his  office,  who  acts  as  trustee  for  the  real  owner  of  the 
stock  who  may  be  an  ineligible  alien  or  a  minor  child,  American  born, 
of  alien  parents. 

It  is  a  source  of  deep  regret  that  there  are  attorneys  in  the  state  who 
despite  their  oath  to  support  the  constitution  and  the  laws  of  this  state, 
nevertheless  sell  their  legal  talent  in  aiding  this  breach  of  the  spirit  and 
purpose  of  the  Alien  Land  Law. 

In  all  these  cases,  the  acquisition,  development,  operation  and  control 
of  the  farms  are  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  ineligible  alien,  the 
American  trustee  being  almost  invariably  merely  the  holder  of  a  naked 
trust  without  any  personal  investment  and  without  participation  in 
either  the  management  or  profits. 

Washington   Alien    Land    Law. 

The  ownership  of  lands  by  aliens,  other  than  those  who  in  good 
faith  have  declared  their  intention  to  become  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  is  prohibited  in  this  state,  except  where  acquired  by  inheritance, 
under  mortgage  or  in  good  faith  in  the  ordinary  course  of  justice  in 
the  collection  of  debts;  and  all  conveyances  of  land  hereafter  made  to 
any  alien  directly,  or  in  trust  for  such  alien,  shall  be  void ;  provided 


5—4460 


66  CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

that  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  lands  containing 
valuable  deposits  of  minerals,  metal,  iron,  coal,  or  fire  clay,  and  the 
necessary  land  for  mills  and  machinery  to  be  used  in  the  development 
thereof  and  the  manufacture  of  the  products  therefrom.  Every  corpo- 
ration, the  majority  of  the  capital  stock  of  which  is  owned  by  aliens, 
shall  be  considered  an  alien  for  the  purpose  of  this  prohibition. — 
(Constitution  of  Washington,  Art.  II,  Sec.  33.) 

An  effort  was  made  to  amend  this  section  to  make  it  inapplicable  to 
the  conveyance  of  lands  within  cities  to  resident  aliens.  In  the  election 
of  November,  1914,  the  proposal  was  voted  down  by  a  vote  of  55,080  to 
212,542. 

Arizona  Alien   Land   Law. 

No  person,  other  than  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  who  is  eligible 
to  citizenship  under  the  existing  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  no 
corporation,  more  than  thirty  per  cent  of  whose  stock  is  owned  by 
persons  other  than  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  who  have  declared 
their  intention  to  become  such,  or  who  are  eligible  to  citizenship  under 
existing  laws  of  the  United  States,  shall  hereafter  acquire  any  land,  or 
title  thereto,  or  interest  therein,  other  than  mineral  lands,  or  such  as 
may  be  necessary  for  the  actual  working  of  mines  and  the  reduction  of 
the  product  thereof;  provided,  that  no  alien  shall  acquire  title  to  any 
land  or  real  property  within  this  state,  except  as  hereinafter  provided ; 
and  provided  further,  that  this  chapter  shall  not  prevent  an  alien  from 
leasing  any  land  or  real  property  within  this  state  for  a  period  of  not 
exceeding  five  years ;  and,  provided  further,  that  this  chapter  shall  not 
prevent  the  holder  (whether  aliens  or  nonresidents)  of  liens  upon  real 
estate,  or  any  interest  therein  heretofore  or  hereafter  acquired  from 
holding  or  taking  a  valid  title  to  the  real  estate  in  the  enforcement  of 
such  lien;  nor  shall  it  prevent  any  such  alien  from  enforcing  any  lien 
or  judgment  for  any  debt  or  liability  now  existing,  or  which  may  here- 
after be  created,  nor  from  becoming  a  purchaser  at  any  sale  made  for 
the  purpose  of  collecting  or  enforcing  the  collection  of  such  debt  or 
judgment,  nor  preventing  widows  or  heirs  who  are  aliens,  or  who  have 
not  declared  their  intention  to  become  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
from  holding  lands  by  inheritance ;  but  all  lands  acquired  as  aforesaid 
shall  be  sold  within  five  years  after  the  title  thereto  shall  be  perfected 
in  such  alien,  and  in  default  of  such  sale  within  such  time,  the  title  of 
such  real  estate  shall  revert  and  escheat  to  the  State  of  Arizona;  and 
any  person  who  has  under  his  declaration  to  become  a  citizen,  acquired 
the  title  to,  or  the  right  to  possession  of  lands  in  this  state,  and  who 
fails  to  complete  his  citizenship,  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  provisions  of 
this  chapter  relating  to  aliens. 

The  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  not  be  construed  in  any  way  to 
prevent  or  interfere  with  the  ownership  of  mining  lands,  or  lands 
necessary  for  the  working  of  mines  and  the  reduction  of  the  products 
thereof;  nor  shall  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  be  so  construed  as  to 
conflict  in  any  manner  with  any  rights  existing  under  and  by  virtue  of 
any  treaty  of  the  United  States  with  any  other  country. —  (Stats.  1917, 
p.  57.) 


LAND.  67 

SOME     COUNTRIES     HAVING     ALIEN     LAND     LAWS,     WITH     A     DIGEST 

OF  SAME. 
Mexico. 

Only  Mexicans  by  birth  or  naturalization  and  Mexican  companies 
liave  the  right  to  acquire  ownership  in  lands,  waters  and  their  ap[)ur- 
tenancas,  or  to  obtain  concessions  to  develop  mines,  waters  or  mineral 
fuels  in  the  Republic  of  Mexico.  The  nation  may  grant  the  same  right 
to  foreigners,  provided  they  agree  before  the  Department  of  Foreign 
Affairs  to  be  considered  Mexicans  in  respect  to  such  property,  and 
accordingly  not  to  invoke  the  protection  of  their  governments  in 
respect  to  the  same,  under  penalty,  in  case  of  breach,  of  forfeiture  to 
the  nation  of  property  so  acquired.  Within  a  zone  of  100  kilometers 
from  the  frontiers,  and  of  50  kilometers  from  the  sea  coast,  no  foreigner 
shall  under  any  conditions  acquire  direct  ownership  of  lands  and  waters. 

Australia. 

The  matter  of  land  ownership  is  one  affecting  the  individual  state 
governments.  In  the  states  of  New  South  Wales,  South  Australia  and 
Tasmania  restrictions  are  imposed  upon  the  tenure  of  lands  by  aliens. 
In  Victoria  and  Western  Australia  there  are  no  such  restrictions.  Fol- 
lowing is  a  summary  of  the  state  law^s. 

(1)  New  i^outh  Wales.  Under  the  Crown  Lands  Consolidation  Act, 
1913,  an  alien  is  not  qualified  to  apply  for  an  original  homestead  selec- 
tion, original  conditional  purchase  lease,  settlement  lease,  original 
homestead  lease,  or  original  conditional  purchase,  unless  he  has  resided 
in  New  South  Wales  for  one  year,  and  at  the  time  of  making  application 
lodges  a  declaration  of  his  intention  to  become  naturalized  within  five 
years.  If  he  fails  to  become  naturalized  within  that  period,  the  land  is 
forfeited.  This  residential  limit  of  twelve  months  does  not,  however, 
apply  to  applicants  for  homestead  farms,  crown  leases,  suburban  hold- 
ings, and  leases  within  irrigation  areas,  but  any  alien  who  becomes  the 
holder  of  any  of  these  tenures  must  become  naturalized  within  three 
years  after  his  becoming  such  holder.  Failure  to  comply  with  this 
regulation  involves  forfeiture  of  such  holding,  together  with  all 
improvements  thereon. 

(2)  Victoria.  Under  the  Supreme  Court  Act,  1915  (section  3), 
every  alien  friend  resident  in  Victoria  may  acquire,  either  by  grant 
from  the  crown  or  otherwise,  both  real  and  personal  property. 

(3)  Queensland.  Under  the  Land  Act,  1910  (sections  596  and  62),  an 
alien  can  not  apply  for  any  land  in  Queensland  unless  he  obtain  a 
certificate  that  he  is  able  to  read  and  write  from  dictation  words  in 
such  language  as  the  Minister  for  Lands  may  direct.  If  he  acquire  a 
selection  he  must  within  five  years  of  such  acquisition  become  a  natural- 
ized subject. 

(4)  South  Australia.  In  South  Australia,  Asiatics  are  disqualified 
from  holding  perpetual  leases  of  lands  in  irrigation  areas  under  section 
19  of  the  Irrigation  and  Reclaimed  Lands  Act,  1914. 

(5)  Western  Australia.  In  this  state  aliens  are  under  no  disability 
as  regards  the  acquisition  of  the  freehold  of  lands  already  alienated. 


68  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Every  application  to  acquire  crown  lands  whether  by  a  British  subject 
or  an  alien,  is  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Afinister  for  Lands,  wath 
an  appeal  to  the  governor  in  council. 

(6)  Tasmania.  Under  the  Aliens  Act,  1861  (section  2),  aliens  can 
not  hold  real  estate.  An  alien,  if  the  subject  of  a  friendly  state,  may, 
however,  occupy  lands  for  any  term  not  exceeding  twenty-one  years. 

Pacific  Islands. 

(1)  North  Borneo.  "Any  alien  desirous  of  purchasing  land  from 
a  native  shall  address  his  application  to  the  collector  who  if  he  sees 
fit  to  sanction  such  purotiase,  shall,  if  the  native  owner  consents,  acquire 
the  land  on  behalf  of  the  government  and  shall  fix  the  premium  and 
quit-rent  at  which  the  land  shall  be  leased  by  the  government  to  the 
applicant  and  such  new  lease  shall  be  issued  under  part  II  or  III 
hereof."     (Ordinances  of  North  Borneo,  1881-1914,  p.  349.) 

(2)  For  New  Guinea,  New  Caledonia,  the  Society  Islands  and  other 
small  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  statutes  or  ordinances  are  not 
available. 

Japan. 

There  are  three  ways  in  which  foreigners  may  hold  land  in  Japan : 
(1)  By  ordinary  lease,  running  for  any  convenient  term  and  renew- 
able at  the  will  of  the  lessee.  The  rent  of  such  leased  property  is, 
however,  liable  to  a  review  by  the  courts,  after  a  certain  number  of 
years,  on  the  application  of  either  party.  (2)  A  so-called  superficies 
title  may  be  secured  in  all  parts  of  Japan,  save  what  may  be  called 
colonial  areas,  running  for  any  number  of  years.  Many  such  titles 
now  current  run  for  999  years,  and  so  far  as  appears  they  might  run 
for  5000.  These  titles  give  as  complete  control  over  the  surface  of  the 
land  as  a  fee  simple  title  would  do.  (3)  Foreigners  may  form  joint 
stock  companies  and  hold  land  for  the  purposes  indicated  by  their 
charters.  Some  of  these  charters  contain  provisions  practically  limit- 
ing membership  to  foreigners.  They  are  juridical  persons  formed 
under  the  civil  code  of  Japan  and  are  regarded  as  just  as  truly  Japa- 
nese legal  person?  as  though  composed  solely  of  Japanese.  Foreigners 
are  excluded  from  membership  in  corporations  subsidized  by  the  Japa- 
nese government. 

Aside  from  the  three  classes  of  holdings  mentioned  above,  in  the 
concessions  of  the  old  extra-territorial  days,  permanent  leases  are 
obtainable  by  purchase,  from  time  to  time.  The  rental  on  this  property 
is  fixed  by  the  terms  of  the  original  deeds,  at  yen,  28.00  per  hundred 
tsubo  (400  square  yards)  per  year  for  the  business  sections  and  con- 
siderably less  for  the  residence  sections  of  the  concessions.  In 
Yokahama  the  rental  on  the  Bluflf  lots  is  yen,  12.00  per  hundred 
tsubo.  This  rental  is  in  lieu  of  all  other  taxes,  and  the  Hague  Tribunal 
has  decided  that  this  stipulation  gives  immunity  from  taxation  to  all 
buildings  or  other  improvements  on  such  lots. 


LAND.  69 

These  permanent  leases  have  been  the  subject  of  much  controversy; 
but  many  of  the  lots  have  already  passed  into  Japanese  hands  and  it 
is  probable  that  this  special  form  of  ownership  will  ere  lonff  disappear." 

A  new  foreign  ownership  law  was  passed  in  1910,  but  has  never 
been  placed  in  operation.  By  this  law  ownership  is  permitted  to  those 
foreigners  who  maintain  a  household  or  lodging  in  the  country,  or  to 
those  foreign  juridical  persons  who  keep  an  office  in  Japan.  It 
compels  any  foreign  land  owner  who  may  leave  the  country  and  thus 
fail  to  maintain  a  household  or  lodging  to  sell  his  property  within 
five  years  on  penalty  of  its  reversion  to  the  national  treasury.  Owner- 
ship is  limited  to  certain  geographical  sections. 

This  law  has  not  been  placed  in  force  because,  it  is  claimed,  it  is 
unsatisfactory  to  the  government,  which  desires  a  more  liberal  measure. 
According  to  press  dispatches,  a  new  law  is  now  pending  before  the 
Imperial  Parliament. 

United    States — Philippine    Islands. 

The  fourth  Philippine  legislature,  special  session  of  1919,  in  Act 
No.  2874,  H.  No.  1194,  H.Ct.R.,  No.  37,  passed  an  act  which  is  now  in 
force  in  the  Philippine  Islands  and  which  became  a  law  with  the 
sanction  of  the  Federal  Government  of  the  United  States  and  is  very 
specific  in  all  of  its  sections  in  confining  ownership  and  leasing  of 
land  to  citizens  of  the  Philippine  Islands  or  of  the  United  States, 
except  that  citizens  of  countries  whose  laws  grant  to  citizens  of  the 
Philippine  Islands  the  right  to  acquire  land  may  acquire  in  the 
Philippine  Islands  a  parcel  of  agricultural  land  not  in  excess  of  100 
hectares.  Chapter  4,  section  12,  reads  in  part  as  follows:  "Any 
citizen  of  the  Philippine  Islands  or  of  the  United  States,  over  the  age 
of  eighteen  years    *    *    *    may  enter  a  homestead    *    *    *  " 

Chapter  5,  section  23,  reads  as  follows:  "Any  citizen  of  lawful  age 
of  the  Philippine  Islands  or  of  the  United  States,  and  any  corpora- 
tion or  association  of  which  at  least  sixty-one  per  centum  of  the 
capital  stock  or  of  any  interest  in  said  capital  stock  belongs  wholly  to 
citizens  of  the  Philippine  Islands  or  of  the  United  States,  and  which 
is  organized  and  constituted  under  the  laws  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
or  of  the  United  States  or  of  any  state  thereof  and  authorized  to 
transact  business  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  corporate  bodies 
organized  in  the  Philippine  Islands  authorized  under  their  charters 
to  do  so,  may  purchase  any  tract  of  public  agricultural  land  disposable 
under  this  act,  not  to  exceed  one  hundred  hectares  in  the  case  of  an 
individual  and  one  thousand  and  twenty-four  hectares  in  that  of  a 
corporation  or  association  *  *  *  .  provided,  that  citizens  of 
countries  the  laws  of  which  grant  to  citizens  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
the  same  right  to  acquire  public  land  as  to  their  own  citizens,  may, 
while  such  laws  are  in  force,  but  not  thereafter,  with  the  express 
authorization  of  the  legislature,  purchase  any  parcel  of  agricultural 
land,  not  in  excess  of  one  hundred  hectares,  available  under  this  act, 
upon  complying  wath  the  requirements  of  this  chapter." 

Chapter  6, 'section  34,  relating  to  leasing,  reads  as  follows:^  "Any 
citizen  of  lawful  age  of  the  Philippine  Islands  or  of  the  United  States, 


70  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

and  any  corporation  or  association  of  which  at  least  sixty-one  per 
centum  of  the  capital  stock  or  of  any  interest  in  said  capital  stock 
belongs  wholly  to  citizens  of  the  Philippine  Islands  or  of  the  United 
States,  and  which  is  organized  and  constituted  under  the  laws  of  the 
Philippine  Islands  or  of  the  United  States  or  of  any  state  thereof  and 
authorized  to  transact  business  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  may  lease 
any  tract  of  agricultural  public  land  available  for  lease  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  not  exceeding  a  total  of  one  thousand  and 
twenty-four  hectares:  provided,  that  citizens  of  countries  the  laws  of 
which  grant  to  citizens  of  the  Philippine  Islands  the  same  rights  to 
lease  public  land  as  to  their  own  citizens,  may,  while  such  laws  are 
in  force,  but  not  thereafter,  with  the  express  authorization  of  the 
legislature,  lease  any  parcel  of  agricultural  land,  not  in  excess  of  one 
thousand  and  twenty-four  hectares,  available  for  lease  in  accordance 
with  this  act,     *     *     *     ." 

Chapter  7,  section  41,  relating  to  free  patents  of  lands  reads  as 
follows:  "Any  native  of  the  Philippine  Islands  *  *  *  shall  be 
entitled,  under  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  to  a  free  patent  *  •  *  ." 

Section  120.  No  land  originally  acquired  in  any  manner  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  nor  any  permanent  improvement  on  such  land, 
shall  be  encumbered,  alienated,  or  transferred,  except  to  persons, 
corporations,  associations,  or  partnerships  who  may  acquire  lands  of 
the  public  domain  under  this  act ;  to  corporations  organized  in  the 
Philippine  Islands  authorized  therefor  by  their  charters,  and  upon 
express  authorization  by  the  Philippine  legislature,  to  citizens  of 
countries  the  laws  of  which  gi'ant  to  citizens  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
the  same  right  to  acquire,  hold,  lease,  encumber,  dispose  of,  or  alienate 
land,  or  permanent  improvements  thereon,  or  any  interest  therein,  as 
to  their  own  citizens,  only  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent  specified 
in  such  laws,  and  while  the  same  are  in  force,  but  not  thereafter. 

Section  121.  No  land  originally  acquired  in  any  manner  under  the 
provisions  of  the  former  Public  Land  Act  or  of  any  other  act,  ordi- 
nance, royal  order,  royal  decree,  or  any  other  provision  of  law  formerly 
in  force  in  the  Philippine  Islands  with  regard  to  public  lands,  terrenos 
baldios  y  realengos,  or  lands  of  any  other  denomination  that  were 
actually  or  presumptively  of  the  public  domain,  or  by  royal  grant  or  in 
any  other  form,  nor  any  permanent  improvement  on  such  land,  shall 
be  encumbered,  alienated,  or  conveyed,  except  to  persons,  corporations, 
or  associations  who  may  acquire  land  of  the  public  domain  under  this 
act,  to  corporate  bodies  organized  in  the  Philippine  Islands  whose 
charters  may  authorize  them  to  do  so,  and,  upon  express  authorization 
by  the  Philippine  Legislature,  to  citizens  of  countries  the  laws  of 
which  grant  to  citizens  of  the  Philippine  Islands  the  same  right  to 
acquire,  hold,  lease,  encumber,  dispose  of,  or  alienate  land  or  perma- 
nent improvements  thereon  or  any  interest  therein,  as  to  their  own 
citizens,  and  only  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent  specified  in  such 
laws,  and  while  the  same  are  in  force,  but  not  thereafter;  provided, 
however,  that  this  prohibition  shall  not  be  applicable  to  the  convey- 
ance or  acquisition  by  reason  of  hereditary  succession  duly  acknowl- 
edged and  legalized  by  competent  courts,  nor  to  lands  and  improve- 
ments acquired  or  held  for  industrial  or  residence  purposes,  while  used 


LAND.  71 

for  such  purposes;  provided,  further,  that  in  the  event  of  the  owner- 
ship of  the  lands  and  improvements  mentioned  in  this  section  and  in 
the  last  preceding  section  being  transferred  by  judicial  decree  to 
j)ersons,  corporations  or  associations  not  legaJly  capacitated  to  acquire 
the  same  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  such  persons,  corporations, 
or  associations  shall  be  obliged  to  alienate  said  lands  or  improvements 
to  others  so  capacitated  within  the  precise  period  of  five  years,  under 
the  penalty  of  such  property  reverting  to  the  government  in  the 
contrary  case. 

Section  122.  Any  acquisition,  conveyance,  alienation,  transfer,  or 
other  contract  made  or  executed  in  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions 
of  sections  one  hundred  and  sixteen,  one  hundred  and  eighteen,  one 
hundred  and  nineteen,  one  hundred  and  twenty,  and  one  hundred  and 
twenty-one  of  this  act  shall  be  unlawful  and  null  and  void  from  its 
execution  and  shall  produce  the  effect  of  annulling  and  canceling  the 
grant,  title,  patent,  or  permit  originally  issued,  recognized  or  con- 
firmed, actually  or  presumptively,  and  cause  the  reversion  of  the 
property  and  its  improvements  to  the  government. 

Hawaii  Opposed  to  Japanese  Land  Ownership. 

Press  dispatches  from  Honolulu,  dated  April  28,  1920,  read  as 
follows : 

"Robert  W.  Shingle,  territorial  senator  and  member  of  the  legislative 
commission  which  recently  returned  from  Washington,  in  an  open  letter 
to  the  'Pacific  Commercial  Advertiser'  published  here  today  declared 
that  many  Congressmen  opposed  opening  of  public  lands  in  Hawaii  to 
homesteading  because  of  increasing  number  of  Japanese  in  the  territory 
obtaining  American  citizenship. 

The  United  States  Congress  is  almost  unanimously  averse  to  the 
granting  of  homestead  privileges  on  highly  developed  public  lands  in 
the  territory  of  Hawaii,  because  it  is  by  no  means  satisfied  of  the 
complete  sincerity  of  Americanism  in  the  growing  class  citizenship 
in  these  islands,"  the  letter  said. 

"I  allude  to  Hawaiian-born  Japanese,  thousands  of  whom  annually 
come  into  the  sacred  inheritance  of  American  citizenship. 

Neither  Congress  nor  I  have  any  intention  of  calling  into  question  the 
loyalty  of  Hawaiian-born  Japanese  in  this  territory.  However, 
America  learned  a  bitter  lesson  of  nationalization  during  the  past  five 
years,  one  which  cost  dear  in  blood  and  ideals. 

The  problems  involved  in  efforts  to  obtain  a  homesteading  law  were 
based  upon  a  desire  of  the  territorial  legislature  to  provide  some  means 
for  restoration  of  public  lands  to  Hawaiians.  Public  lands  have  been 
leased  and  control  obtained  by  others  than  Hawaiians.  To  secure  a 
return  of  these  lands,  as  expiration  of  leases,  to  Hawaiians,  a  rehabili- 
tation bill  was  submitted  to  Congress  and  urged  by  the  commission." 

Note — Since  the  above  article  was  published  the  House  of  Representatives  has 
passed  a  homestead  law  for  the  Hawaiian  Islands  in  which  the  privilege  of  acquiring 
a  homestead  is  confined  strictly  to  native  Hawaiians  who  are  descendants  of  the 
original  natives  of  the  islands. 


72  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Alien  Land  Law  of  Japan. 

Japanese  law,  like  the  alien  land  law  of  California,  prohibits  aliens 
from  owning  land  in  fee,  but  permits  leaseholds  for  varying  terms  of 
years,  confined  to  industrial  and  residential  purposes — no  agricultural 
lands  leased. 

Legislation  broadening  land  ownership  by  foreigners  was  attempted 
in  1910,  following  representations  made  by  a  number  of  foreign  gov- 
ernments, and  was  favorably  acted  upon  by  the  Japanese  Diet,  but  the 
law  has  never  been  promulgated  and  is  therefore  not  in  force. 

A  similar  fate  attended  the  more  recent  efforts  of  the  Japanese 
Parliament  in  the  same  direction,  induced  apparently  by  a  desire  to 
overcome  Mexican  arguments  against  granting  Japanese  the  right  to 
own  land. 

Millions  of  Acres  Available  in  Japan. 
The  impression  quite  generally  prevails  in  this  country  that  the 
Japanese  are  compelled  to  emigrate  to  other  countries  out  of  sheer 
necessity  of  making  a  living.  It  is  alleged  that  the  population  of 
Japan  is  increasing  so  rapidly  that  the  producing  lands  are  not 
capable  of  supporting  the  population.  That  this  is  an  erroneous  impres- 
sion is  evidenced  by  the  following  announcement  concerning  available 
farm  lands  in  Japan  which  was  published  in  the  "Japanese  American 
News,"  January  6,  1920,  and  dated  as  a  dispatch  from  Tokio,  December 
15,  1919 : 

"New  Farm  Vill-ages  Opened  All  Over  the  Country — Land  Untaxed  for 
Forty  Years — Great  Inducements  to  Farmers — Japan's  Big  Recla- 
mation Scheme — Five  Million  Acres  New  Farm  Land. 

"For  the  past  ten  years  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  Com- 
merce has  been  conducting  an  investigation  of  all  arable  lands  in  the 
different  municipalities  and  prefectures.  The  investigation  which  was 
completed  two  years  ago  has  shown  that  there  are  2,000,000  cho 
(5,000,000  acres)  of  farm  land  which  can  be  reclaimed  under  the  waste 
land  reclamation  law.  Work  has  already  begun  this  year  (1919)  for 
the  opening  up  of  1,500,000  cho  (3,250,000  acres)  for  rice  and  vegetable 
fields.  The  Industrial  Bank  is  to  supply  the  necessary  capital  and  the 
scheme  extends  over  thirty  years     *     *     *." 

"The  government  is  to  encourage  agricultural  settlers  by  grants  of 
aid,  low  rates,  easy  payments  and  practical  exemption  of  newly  opened 
land  from  taxation  for  forty  years. ' ' 

This  same  erroneous  impression  is  corrected  by  the  statements  of  Carl 
Crow  in  his  book  entitled  "Japan  and  America"  issued  1916,  from  page 
20  of  which  we  quote  the  following : 

"It  is  frequently  asserted  that  every  square  foot  of  arable  land  in 
Japan  is  under  intensive  cultivation.  Doubtless  this  is  the  impression 
one  gets  on  coming  from  America,  where  in  some  places  at  least,  the 


LAND,  73 

owners  still  count  their  possessions  by  the  section  and  the  quarter  sec- 
tion rather  than  the  acre.  But  a  closer  study  of  the  area  of  the  country 
and  its  development  reveals  the  fact  that  the  present  area  under  culti- 
vation might  be  appreciably  increased.  Though  theirs  is  a  mountainous 
country,  the  Japanese  are  not  mountaineers,  but  dwellers  of  the  plains 
and  valleys.  There  they  live,  contented  with  their  narrow  fields;  the 
sides  of  hills  and  mountains  which  would  be  terraced  by  Chinese  or 
Igorots  remain  uncultivated  and  unproductive.  The  government 
authorities  after  a  careful  survey  of  the  entire  country  have  reached 
the  conclusion  that  simply  by  reclaiming  and  putting  under  cultivation 
the  land  which  is  inclined  at  an  angle  of  less  than  15  degrees,  the  area 
of  arable  land  may  be  doubled." 

In  this  same  connection  we  quote  from  the  April,  1920,  issue  of 
Outlook  Magazine,  the  organ  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement, 
which  published  the  following  in  an  article  by  Mr.  Young  of  the  Japan 
Chronicle  entitled  "What  the  World  Wants  to  Know  About  Japan": 

"Japan  is,  of  course,  just  becoming  an  industrial  nation.  While  on 
the  other  hand  the  shortage  of  labor  is  becoming  a  serious  question  the 
growth  of  population  is  now  beyond  the  ability  of  the  country  to  feed 
itself.  However,  the  claims  that  Japan  must  go  elsewhere  to  find  room 
for  her  people  is  sheer  nonsense,  for  she  has  the  whole  of  the  Hokkaido 
(the  north  part  of  the  main  land)  which  is  hardly  populated." 


A  large  map  of  the  State  of  California  approximately  12  feet  by  14 
feet  was  prepared  by  the  Federal  Irrigation  Manager  for  California  in 
conjunction  with  the  State  Board  of  Control  setting  out  in  colors  all  of 
the  holdings  by  Japanese,  Chinese  and  Hindus  throughout  the  entire 
state.  Approximately  10,000  parcels  of  land  were  checked  on  the 
records  to  obtain  this  information.  This  map  is  available  in  the  office 
of  the  State  Board  of  Control. 


Section  IV. 
FINANCING. 


75 


FINANCING. 

Orientals  are  financed  principally  as  follows: 

(1)  Cash  advances  by  American  distributors,  commission  mer- 
chants, packers  and  canners  of  fruit  and  vegetables,  fish  canneries 
and  beet  sugar  factories. 

(2)  Cash  advances  and  other  assistance  by  their  more  prosperous 
countrymen,  either  here  or  in  the  Orient. 

(3)  Bank  loans  from  both  American  and  Oriental  banks. 

(4)  Letter  of  Westfall-Lane  Company  reproduced  here  as  a  fair 
statement  of  the  usual  financing  methods. 

(5)  Sample  copy  of  usual  form  of  crop  contract  used  with 
Orientals. 

(6)  Percentage  of  principal  crops  raised  by  Japanese  in  1917. 


77 


PINANCINQ.  79 


FINANCING. 


The  principal  source  of  financial  assistance  to  Orientals  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits  and  the  fishing  industry  is  the  American  dis- 
tributor. American  individuals,  firms  and  corporations  engaged  in  the 
business  of  buying  and  selling  or  distributing  fruits  and  vegetables 
such  as  cantaloupes,  grapes,  lettuce,  onions  and  potatoes;  packers  and 
canners  of  fruits  and  vegetables;  fish  merchants  and  fish  canneries;  and 
beet  sugar  factories  all  appear  to  follow  the  practice  of  making  generous 
money  advances  under  contract  in  sufficiently  large  sums  frequently  to 
vovvv  lease  payfnents  on  land  and  the  costs  of  planting,  harvesting, 
packing  and  crating. 

In  the  fish  industry  the  canneries  usually  furnish  the  fishing  boat, 
fishing  tackle  and  equipment,  the  total  cost  of  which  often  runs  as  high 
as  $4,000  or  $5,000,  the  canner  reimbursing  himself  out  of  each  catch 
brought  in  by  the  fishermen.  Some  of  the  larger  canneries  are  said  to 
have  more  than  $200,000  so  invested  in  boats  let  out  principally  to 
Japanese. 

In  this  manner  it  is  stated  that  Orientals,  especially  Japanese,  are 
often  able  to  secure  practically  every  dollar  of  working  capital  and 
being  thus  well  financed  frequently  outbid  whites  by  paying  for  leases 
of  agricultural  lands  almost  any  price  demanded,  the  average  running 
about  $50,  while  some  cantaloupe  lands  in  the  Imperial  and  Turlock 
districts  secure  as  high  as  $75  per  acre  per  annum  rental. 

Explains  Methods  of  Financing. 
On  page  81  is  given  a  copy  of  a  letter  from  Westf all-Lane 
Company  of  Turlock,  California,  large  distributors  of  cantaloupes, 
watermelons,  sweet  potatoes  and  grapes,  which  letter  is  dated  March 
11,  1920,  and  outlines  in  detail  the  methods  followed  by  Japanese  in 
financing  themselves  through  distributors.  (This  is  but  one  of  many 
similar  statements.) 

Sample  Crop  Contract. 

Following  above  letter  is  a  sample  copy  of  the  usual  contract 
between  the  distributor  and  the  grower,  the  printed  form  herewith 
given  being  one  that  Arthur  Miller,  330  Washington  street,  New  York 
City,  uses  principally  in  the  Imperial  Valley  cantaloupe  territory  near 
Brawley,  California,  this,  however,  being  a  form  commonly  used  by  all 
classes  of  distributors. 

Farm  advisers  and  others  complain  that  American  farmers,  lessees, 
and  intended  growers  are  not  as  liberally  financed  by  the  interests 
above  mentioned  as  are  the  Orientals,  especially  the  Japanese.  Difficulty 
in  securing  funds  for  working  capital  is  eliminating  the  Americans 
from  competition  with  the  Orientals. 


80  CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Certain  Crops  Entirely  Controlled  by  Japanese. 

Examination  of  the  1917  crop  statistics  compiled  by  the  Japanese 
Agricultural  Association,  copy  of  which  is  given  on  the  following  page, 
and  also  the  figures  for  1919  compiled  by  the  Japanese  Agricultural 
Association  of  California  contained  in  this  report  under  the  head  of 
"Land"  shows  the  rapid  growth  of  Japanese  agricultural  activities  and 
that  Japanese  now  control  the  berry  food  supply  of  the  state,  almost 
entirely  control  the  vegetable  supply  and  are  making  rapid  inroads  into 
fruit  and  raisin  farming. 

At  present  the  principal  fruit  and  vegetable  distributors  are 
American  but  the  Japanese  have  already  entered  the  field  of  distribu- 
tion and  are  operating  several  commission  houses  and  distributing 
associations  in  the  larger  agricultural  centers. 

There  are  seven  banks  owned  by  Japanese  and  organized  under  Cali- 
fornia laws,  and  two  branches  of  the  Yokohama  Specie  Bank  of  Japan 
in  this  state.  While  the  latter  bank  does  exchange  business,  also,  all 
the  Japanese  banks  are  engaged  principally  in  extending  credit  to 
Japanese  farmers  and  merchants.  The  Chinese  finance  themselves 
largely  out  of  their  own  resources,  the  Hindu  does  the  same  to  a  large 
extent  except  that  some  receive  cash  advances  from  rice  and  cotton 
growers'  associations. 

A  peculiar  method  of  deposit  is  practiced  by  the  Japanese  in  making 
deposits  in  the  Japanese  banks  by  which  they  buy  certificates  of  trans- 
mission, payable  in  Japan,  presumably  for  the  purpose  of  transferring 
the  funds  to  Japan.  Many  of  these  so-called  certificates  of  transmission 
are,  however,  in  fact  merely  the  usual  certificates  of  deposit  commonly 
in  use  in  America,  the  difference  being  that  they  are  made  payable  in 
Japan,  only.  These  certificates  are  said  to  be  very  commonly  held  and 
ultimately  cashed  at  Japanese  banks  here  in  the  same  manner  that 
certificates  of  deposit  are  handled.  The  effect  of  this  practice  is  to 
place  these  funds  beyond  recourse  by  American  creditors,  during  the 
period  that  they  are  held  as  certificates  of  transmission,  but  at  the  same 
time  they  are  subject  to  attachment  or  claim  by  creditors  residing  in 
Japan. 

PERCENTAGE  OF  PRINCIPAL  CROPS  PRODUCED  BY  JAPANESE  IN  1917. 
(Prepared  by  the  Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of  California.) 

Per  cent  Per  cent 

Celery    90  Sugar   beets    4o 

Berries    88  Mi.xed  vegetables 40 

Asparagus    86  Grapes   34 

Cantaloupes    85  Rico    ^ 

Onions   84  Potatoes    20 

Tomatoes    80  Beans    15 

Florists'   products   72  Cotton    15 

Seeds    52  Fruits    12 

Note — These  figures  cover  crops  raised  by  Japanese  in  1017.  Since  that  year  the 
percentage  of  certain  of  the  enumerated  crops  raised  by  Japanese  has  very  materially 
increased,  the  largest  increases  being  in  rice,  grapes,  potatoes  and  fruits. 


FINANCING.  81 

Letter  of  Westfall-Lane  Company  on  Financing  Methods. 

John  R.  Wkstfall,  Sales  Manager  A.  J.  Knur,  Manager 

David  F.  Lane,  General  Manager 

WESTFALL-LANE    COMPANY 

Distributors 

Cantaloupes,    VV;i,termelons,   Sweet  I'otatoe.s,   Grapes 

137  South  Front  Street 

Telephone  1165 

Three  Trunk  Lines 

TuRLOCK,  California,  March  11,  1920. 

State  Board  or  Control, 
Hacratncnto,  Calif. 

(Attention  F.  L.  Latlirop) 

Dear  Sir:   Kcplylng  to  yours  of  the  27th- ult. 

I  am  glad  to  reiwrt  on  the  Japanese  situation  pertaining  to  the  agriculture  and 
finance  activities  of  the  Japanese. 

There  are  3500  acres  of  land  leased  by  Japanese  in  this  Turlock  Irrigation  Dis- 
trict. This  would  mean  that  some  of  these  people  are  in  Merced  County,  with  a 
hirge  portion  in  Stanislaus  County,  but  all  are  tributary  to  either  Turlock,  Keys, 
llughson,  or  Denair,  as  shipping  points. 

The  principal  line  of  agriculture  that  they  follow  is  cantaloupes  and  this  3500 
acres  is  cantaloupe  land  or  land  leased  for  the  purpose  of  growing  cantaloupes. 
The  majority  of  the  land,  possibly  80  per  cent  of  it,  is  leased  on  the  basis  of  $50 
l)er  acre,  cash  rent,  10  per  cent  at  about  ${>0  per  acre  and  10  per  cent  at  from  $25 
to  $50  per  acre.  The  Japanese  method  of  leasing  land  and  tinancing  his  land  is 
along  these  lines : 

They  lease  the  land  on  a  payment  of  one-third  to  one-half  cash  and  the  majority 
of  tiie  leases  provide  for  the  balance  to  be  paid  about  September  first.  A  few  of 
the  leases  provide  for  an  intermediate  payment  in  the  latter  part  of  July  or  the 
titst  part  of  August.     There  are  a  few  leases  that  demand  all  cash  payment. 

The  Jap  then  goes  to  the  shipper  and  asks  to  be  financed  to  the  extent  of  covering 
Ills  initial  payment  on  the  lease.  Sometimes  he  provides  in  his  agreement  with 
the  shipper  at  the  time  of  entering  into  the  agreement,  that  he  will  need  money  to 
plow  his  land  and  grow  the  crop.  Sometimes  he  waits  until  after  the  shipper  has 
put  some  money  into  the  deal  and  then  demands  or  asks  for  advances  to  care  for 
crop.  In  this  last  instance  it  behooves  the  shipper  to  put  more  money  into  the  deal 
to  protect  the  first  or  initial  investment. 

The  Westfall-Lane  Company  practice  this  method  of  financing  the  Japanese,  as 
well  as  other  shipping  organizations,  but  in  doing  so  they  have  demanded  securities 
by  chattel  mortgages  on  stock,  implements  and  crops.  Some  of  the  other  companies 
practice  the  same  method  whenever  they  can  get  the  security. 

There  are  two  or  three  farmers'  organizations  that  do  not  make  these  advances 
as  the  finances  at  hand  will  not  permit  it. 

The  next  financial  aid  given  the  Japanese  is  that  the  shipper  gives  him  credit  for 
his  shook,  nails  and  labels  and  advances  35  cents  to  40  cents  per  crate — cost  of 
picking  and  packing. 

By  tabulating  these  amounts  and  compiling  them  you  will  arrive  at  the  con- 
clusion that  the  shipper  is  financing  these  growers  and  taking  all  chances  of  loss, 
with  a  fixed  chai"ge  of  gross  profits.  These  gross  profits  represent  15  per  cent  of 
the  growers"  sales,  plus  a  1  cent  per  crate  charge  for  shipping  fees. 

If  the  proceeds  from  the  sales  (after  all  of  these  advances  are  refunded)  is  suf- 
ficient, a  profit  will  be  shown  the  grower.  If  the  net  returns  from  the  sales  are 
not  suSiciently  large,  then  the  shipper  must  either  fall  back  upon  his  securities 
covered  by  chattel  mortgages  and  if  adequate  will  not  suffer  a  loss,  but  if  not,  of 
course,  will  suffer  a  loss.  This  loss,  if  any,  may  be  made  up  by  another  venture 
the  following  year  and  when  such  losses  have  occurred  in  the  past  this  has  been 
the  custom,  but  in  view  of  the  fact  of  the  widespread  anti-Jap  propaganda,  I  do  not 
believe  there  will  be  renewals  of  the  venture. 

From  an  agriculture  standpoint,  it  is  necessary  for  us  to  keep  a  man  in  the  field 
to  see  that  these  Japanese  farm  their  land  right.  This  may  seem  to  you  a  strange 
statement,  considering  that  it  is  generally  assumed  that  the  Japs  are  such  wonderful 
farmers.  They  are  not  wonderful  farmers,  but  are  hard  workers,  and  the  success 
that  they  have  made,  in  my  estimation,  is  principally  charged  up  or  credited  to 
persistent  plugging  and  consistent  attention  to  their  lands. 

6—4460 


82  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

The  Japanese  are  cooperative.  They  u.sually  practice  this  cooperativeness  in 
what  we  term  at  this  time  as  a  "clan."  These  clans  are  made  up  from  five  to 
twenty  people. 

These  clans  pool  their  interest.  For  example :  If  one  man  loses,  the  others  help 
him  out ;  they  po  so  far  as  endorsing  each  other's  notes  for  advances  made  or  for 
leases  to  be  paid. 

During  the  attention  that  I  have  given  to  these  people,  I  find  that  these  clans 
are  transported  clans  from  Japan.  That  is  to  say,  Japanese  living  and  operating 
in  provinces  in  Japan  clique  together  in  the  United  States  and  cooperate  in  their 
agriculture  ventures.  They  go  so  far,  as  the  leader  of  a  clan  or  his  heirs  in  Japan, 
inherit  the  same  rights  when  their  members  are  transported  to  this  country. 

This  is  usually  what  "he"  means  when  he  refers  to  "my  friend."  When  a  Jap 
succeeds  in  a  venture,  he  stakes  his  friend  to  lease  a  piece  of  property  and  he 
becomes  the  next  unit  to  their  cooperative  system.  This  friend  i.s  picked  from  the 
working  class,  that  is,  a  laboring  man.  He  has  worked  with  him  in  the  cantaloupe 
field  or  has  had  some  agricultural  experience.  They  also  cooperate  in  helping  one 
another  to  plow  and  to  do  all  kinds  of  agricultural  work.  Especially  is  this  true  if 
one  of  their  number  is  behind  with  his  work. 

All  of  this  sounds  very  lovable  and  brotherly,  but  these  people  have  their  diflB- 
culties.  If  a  Jap  attempts  to  lease  more  land  than  he  is  able  to  handle,  he  is 
notified  by  them  to  cut  some  of  the  land  out  of  his  holdings  and  get  down  to  a 
basis  where  he  can  handle  it  economically.  If  he  neglects  his  land,  jeopardizing 
the  financial  responsibilities  of  the  others,  he  is  corrected,  but,  "let  me  say  at  this 
time"  very  diplomatically.  If  he  does  not  take  care  of  his  land  the  others  go  in  on 
the  property,  combining  their  efforts  to  get  the  land  up  to  the  proper  condition  as 
speedily  as  possible. 

There  is  a  cantaloupe  organization  here,  called  the  California  cantaloupe  company. 
This  is  a  Japanese  organization.  There  are  two  or  three  companies  formed  this 
year,  but  at  the  present  time  have  not  a  large  acreage.  These  organ izations  are 
for  the  purpose  of  selling  produce.  The  organizations  formed  this  year  were  not 
organized  until  after  the  strong  Japanese  agitation  started. 

The  Japanese  agitation  that  we  have  in  this  community  seems  primarily  to  be 
among  the  business  men  and  from  information  at  hand,  it  would  seem  that  quite  a 
few  of  the  land  owners  are  not  in  sympathy  with  the  movement. 

If  these  land  owners  will  lease  the  land  to  Japanese,  then  I  think  that  as  soon  as 
the  Japanese  become  financially  strong,  or  until  they  will  not  need  much  credit, 
they  will  attempt  to  sell  their  own  crops. 

Next  thing  that  we  must  bear  in  mind  is  that  the  Japanese  organizations  in 
California  do  not  find  much  difficulty  in  securing  financial  aid  among  eastern 
commission  houses.  If  the  Japanese  secure  the  land  and  also  their  own  selling 
organization,  they  will  control  over  60  per  cent  of  the  entire  cantaloupe  crop  in 
this  district. 

There  are  at  the  present  time  18  shipping  organizations ;  15  of  them  are  white 
and  three  are  Japs.  If  the  Jap  organizations  will  control  60  per  cent  of  the  crop 
and  15  white  organizations  will  stay  in  the  field  and  divide  the  white  business 
among  themselves,  then  there  would  not  be  sufficient  number  of  acres  for  these 
white  organizations  to  stay  in  business.  First,  from  the  standpoint  of  profits  on 
the  limited  volume  of  business  based  upon  the  present  rates  of  commission  ;  second, 
that  they  would  not  have  sufficient  volume  to  cut  any  figure  in  supplying  the  markets. 

The  undersigned  leases  this  year  to  Japanese,  of  his  own  land,  about  250  acres. 
These  leases  are  made  from  year  to  year.  I  have  provided  that  all  of  these  lands 
will  be  leased  to  white  men  from  now  on.  I  consider  this,  first,  good  business,  and 
second,  have  hit  upon  a  plan  of  financing  the  white  man  and  have  secured  some  of 
the  best  men  in  the  country.  I  mention  this  at  this  time  as  simply  a  point  of 
general  information  to  impart  to  you. 

There  is  no  question  in  my  mind  but  that  all  of  this  land  now  leased  by  Japs 
can  be  leased  to  white  men  providing  you  finance  the  white  man.  Also  that  the 
leasing  of  lands  in  this  district  for  cantaloupes  has  been  a  detriment,  based  upon 
these  facts :  That  after  the  crops  are  removed  at  the  end  of  any  given  year,  the 
grower  is,  as  far  as  the  value  of  his  improvements  are  concerned,  in  the  same 
position  as  he  was  a  year  ago.     lie  has  raised  a  crop  and  taken  it  off  of  the  land. 

He  has  put  nothing  back  and  has  not  improved  the  land,  such  as  an  orchard, 
vineyard  or  alfalfa.  In  other  words,  he  is  a  farmer  without  an  industry,  or  at 
least  he  does  not  represent  any  particular  industry,  such  as  vineyardist,  peach 
grower,  prune  or  apricot  growers,  or  a  dairyman. 


PINANCINO.  83 

You  might  say  the  same  thiriK  about  a  Krain  Rrower,  but  this  land  is  not  grain 
land — it  is  too  valuable.  It  is  not  reasonable  or  consistent  or  economical  that  land 
valued  at  $700  per  acre  should  be  treated  in  (his  manlier. 

The  exclusion  of  the  Jai)s,  even  in  the  event  that  you  could  not  .secure  cnouRh 
whites  to  lease  the  land,  would  revert  to  the  benefit  of  the  country,  as  it  would 
force  owners  of  (he  land   to  i)ut  in  permanent  crops. 

If  there  is  any  further  information  that  you  would  like  on  this  subject,  and  if 
it  is  within  my  keepin;,',  ujion  rc(iucst  I  would  be  glad  to  give  it  to  you.  I  have 
only  covered  thi.s  subject  roughly,  touching  upon  points  rather  than  to  exhaust 
the  subject. 

Yours  very  truly, 

D.  F.  Lane. 


Sample  Copy  of  Usual  Contract  Between  Distributor  and  Oriental  Grower. 

ARTHUR     IVIILLER 

330  Washington   Street 

New  York,   N.  Y. 

THIS  CONTRACT  AND  AGREEMENT,  entered  into  this day  of 

,    by    and    between    of    Brawley,, 

California,  hereinafter  referred  to  as  the  Grower  and  ARTHUR  MILLER,  of  330 
Washington  Street,  New  York,  hereinafter  referred  to  as  the  Distributor. 

WITNESSETH,  That  for  a  cash  consideration  mentioned  in  the  Tenth  Para- 
graph of  this  contract,  the  Grower  hereby  appoints  the  above  mentioned  Distributor 
his  exclusive  selling  and  distributing  agent  for  all  cantaloupes  grown  or  owned  or 
controlled  by  the  Grower  for  and  during  the  season  ofl  1920  and  agrees  to  pay  to 
the  Distributor  as  compensation  for  his  services  a  commission  of  sixteen  i)er  cent 
of  the  amount  of  the  gross  sales  of  all  cantaloupes  picked,  packed,  tendered  and 
accepted  for  shipment  by  the  Distributor  at  the  shipping  shed  at  Brawley,  Calif. 

The   Grower   agix^es   to   plant   or  have   planted   acres   from   seed    to  be 

furnished  by  the  Distributor  and  to  deliver  to  the  Distributor  at  the  above  men- 
tioned shed  in  a  properly  matured  condition  all  cantaloupes  grown  or  caused  to  be 
grown  from  said  acreage  during  the  season  of  1920  of  merchantable  quality,  packed 
in  Standard  crates  of  12xl2x23i  inches,  and  to  contain  forty-five,  cantaloupes,  or 
Jumbo  crates  of  13xl3x23J  inches,  and  to  contain  thirty-six  or  forty-five  cantaloupes, 
each  and  every  crate  to  contain  cantaloupes  of  uniforml  size,  or  in  Pony  crates  of 
11x11x23*  inches,  and  to  contain  forty-five  cantaloupes  or  fifty-four  cantaloupes,  or 
in  flat  crates  of  4^xl3x23J  inches,  and  to  contain  twelve  or  fifteen  cantaloupes,  and 

The  Grower  further  agrees  in  consideration  of  the  acreage  advance,  cash  crate 
advance,  and  guarantee  of  freight  by  the  Distributor,  that  all  cantaloupes  not  grading 
as  merchantable  quality  produced  from  the  above  mentioned  number  of  acres  are 
not  to  be  packed,  it  being  mutually  acknowledged  and  agreed  that  shipments  of 
inferior  cantaloupes  would  have  a  deteriorating  effect  on  marketing  conditions,  injure 
the  confidence  of  the  trade  and  prove  unsatisfactory  to  the  customer,  thereby 
jeopardizing  the  interest  of  both  the  Distributor  and  the  Growers  whose  crops  have 
been  contracted  by  the  Distributor. 

The  Grower  agrees  to  plant  the  acreage  mentioned  above  as  early  as  possible  as 
the  season  justifies  in  order  to  produce  an  early  crop,  and  further  agrees  to  use  bis 
best  efforts  to  produce  the  best  quality  of  Cantaloupes  and  as  early  in  the  season 
as  possible,  to  pick,  grade,  pack  and  haudlel  same  in  a  strictly  first  class  manner, 
using  proper  care  in  every  respect  to  prevent  injury  from  any  cause,  to  pack  the  same 
of  uniform  size  and  quality  and  wrap  same  neatly  so  as  to  produce  a  first  class  and 
attractive  package  in  every  respect,  and  to  deliver  the  said  cantaloupes  at  the  shipping 
shed  on  wagons  or  trucks  provided  with  springs  to  prevent  bruising;  cantaloupes  to 
be  properly  protected  at  all  times  after  picking  from  the  hot  rays  of  the  sun. 

The  Distributor  agrees  to  perform  the  following : 

FIRST:  To  provide  a  shipping  shed  through  which  to  load  all  cantaloupes 
accepted  by  the  Distributor  for  shipment. 

SECOND  :  To  provide  and  sell  to  the  Grower  cantaloupe  seed  of  first  class  quality 

at per  pound,  to  sell  to  the  Grower  the  following  supplies  at  prices  named, 

to  wit :  Registered  paper  wraps  bearing  the  "CROWNED  LYON  BRAND"'  trade 
marU   at per  tnousand   anu  in  c',>usiueration   of   this   price   it   is   hereby 


84  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

agreed  that  the  Grower  will  not  use  these  wraps  for  any  other  purpose  than  shipping 
Cantaloupes  of  the  above  named  brand  and  all  of  which  are  to  be  handled  by  the 

above   named    Distributor;    nails   at    per    keg;    Standard,    Pony 

and  Jumbo  crates  at each;  and  Flat  crates  at 

each,  complete  including  registered  labels  bearing  the  "CROWNED 

LYON  BRAND"  for  which  no  charge  is  made  and  it  is  understood  that  this  label 
is  loaned  to  the  Grower  for  the  specific  purpose  of  packing  cantaloupes  for  shipment 
only  through  the  above  named  Distributor.  It  is  also  understood  by  the  Grower 
that  the  Distributor  shall  not  be  liable  to  the  Grower  for  failure  to  furnish  such 
crates  or  other  material  or  other  supplies  if  prevented  from  doing  so  by  strikes  or 
any  other  cause  beyond  the  control  of  the  Distributor. 

THIRD:  In  consideration  of  the  above  clause,  the  Grower  hereby  irrevocably 
agrees  that  the  terms  under  which  the  above  supplies  are  Bold  to  him  will  not  be 
violated  at  any  time  during  the  shipping  season  and  that  under  no  circumstances  will 
any  portion  of  said  crop  be  shipped  through  any  other  source  than  through  the 
Distributor,  and  hereby  agrees  that  in  the  event  that  he  violates  said  terms,  ships  or 
permits  to  be  shipped  any  cantaloupes  comprising  said  crop  through  any  other  source, 
without  the  written  consent  of  the  Distributor,  that  the  prices  named  herein  for 
supplies  and  material  of  every  kind  are  null  and  void  and  that  he  accepts  said  material, 
seed,  crates,  wraps,  nails  and  etc.  at  an  advanced  price  of  twenty-five  per  cent  above 
the  prices  mentioned  in  this  contract,  and  that  his  entire  season's  supply  is  to  be 
charged  to  him  at  the  said  advanced  prices.  The  said  increased  amounts  over  and 
above  prices  mentioned  in  this  contract  are  to  be  credited  to  the  "SURPLUS 
ACCOUNT"  of  the  Distributor,  and,  at  the  end  of  the  season  the  said  amounts  are 
to  be  pro  rated,  in  accordance  with  the  actual  number  of  the  crates  shipped  by  the 
other  Growers  shipping  through  the  Distributor,  and  it  is  to  be  paid  on  that  basis  to 
the  Growers  who  have  not  violated  their  contract  and  whose  interests  have  been 
injured  by  the  shipment  of  said  cantaloupes  through  other  sources,  by  said  Grower. 

FOURTH  :  To  advance  the  Grower  One  Dollar  per  crate  foi'  all  Standard  and 
Jumbo  crates,  and  One  Dollar  per  crate  for  all  Pony  crates,  and  forty-five  cents  per 
crate  for  all  Flat  crates  delivered  by  the  Grower  and  accepted  by  the  Distributor  for 
shipment  less  a  deduction  of  45  cents  on  full  size  crates  and  25  cents  on  Flat  crates, 
which  is  to  apply  on  the  indebtedness  of  the  Grower  for  crates,  paper,  nails  and 
acreage  advances,  such  deduction  to  be  made  until  such  time  as  the  total  indebtedness 
of  the  Grower  to  the  Distributor  is  fully  paid  ;  said  advance  to  be  paid  to  the  Grower 
every  Monday  for  all  crates  accepted  from  him  for  shipment  by  the  Distributor 
during  the  previous  week.  This  crate  advance  is  a  guaranteed  advance  to  the 
Grower  on  all  cantaloupes  as  a  whole  collectively  received  from  the  Grower  for  the 
entire  season,  as  a  season's  average,  and  if  the  net  results  of  the  pools  of  all  canta- 
loupes shipped  for  the  Grower  are  in  excess  of  the  total  amount  of  crate  advance 
paid  to  the  Grower  the  balance  of  the  net  results  of  pools  over  and  above  the  crate 
advance  shall  be  paid  to  the  Grower. 

FIFTH  :  To  furnish  the  necessary  lumber  to  load  cars  and  car  loaders  to  load  into 
the  cars  all  crates  accepted  by  the  Distributor  for  shipment,  all  at  the  expense  of 
the  Distributor. 

SIXTH  :  The  Distributor  further  agrees  to  pay  freight,  refrigeration,  cartage  on 
all  cars  of  cantaloupes  shipped  by  him  for  the  account  of  the  Grower,  such  charges 
and  sixteen  per  cent  commission  to  be  deducted  from  the  gross  sales ;  provided, 
however,  that  in  case  of  strikes  of  any  character,  car  shortage,  lock-outs  on  any  railroad 
or  railroads  over  which  the  cantaloupes  are  transported,  the  Grower  agrees  not  to 
offer  any  cantaloupes  for  shipment  if  so  requested  by  the  Distributor. 

SEVENTH  :  The  Distributor  further  agrees  to  use  his  best  efforts  and  judgment 
in  the  marketing  of  said  cantaloupes  in  order  to  produce  the  best  results  and  to 
create  a  one  day  pool  from  the  beginning  of  the  season  and  for  the  first  ten  days 
succeeding  shipment  of  the  first  car  load,  and  a  two  day  pool  for  the  remainder  of 
the  shipping  season,  which  pools  will  include  all  shipment  of  cantaloupes  made  by 
the  Growers  controlled  by  the  Distributor  and  to  send  the  Grower  a  statement  of 
the  results  of  said  pools  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  sale  of  .said  cantaloupes. 

EIGHTH  :  It  is  mutually  agreed  that  the  original  account  of  sales  covering  any 
car  shipped  by  the  Distributor  for  the  account  of  the  Grower,  shall  be  open  for  the 
personal  inspection  of  the  Grower  and  the  Japanese  Farmers'  Association  upon 
demand  at  any  time  within  one  year  from  date  of  shipment. 


FINANCING.  85 

The  Distributor  agrees  to  keop  and  maintain  an  oflice  in  Brawley,  Calif.,  where 
all  books  of  accounts  and  records  sliall  he  kept  oi)en  at  all  reasonable  times  for  trans- 
action of  business,  and  shall  he  kc])t  and  iiiaiiitaincd  till  the  close  of  the  season  and 
all  accouiils  and  set ticnicnts  in  full  willi  the  (Irowcr  are  made. 

NINTH:  It  is  iind<'rstood  and  mutually  agreed  between  the  parties  to  this  con- 
tract that  no  Cantaloupes  shall  be  received  from  wagons  which  are  not  in  line  for 
unloading  at  ten  o'clock  p.  m. 

TKNTII  :  It  is  further  agreed  and  understood  between  the  Distributor  and  the 
Grower  that  the  Distributor  shall  advance  as  a  loan  to  the  Grower  $20  per  acre  for 
every  acre  of  cantaloupes  he  agrees  and  has  actually  planted  in  cantaloupes  accord- 
ing to  this  contract,  said  Twenty  Dollars  being  the  cash  consideration  herein  before 
mentioned,  and  the  same  to  he  paid  .$10  on  the  signing  of  this  contract  and  agree- 
ment and  .flO  Dollars  on  or  before  the  lir.st  day  of  February,  1920,  and  that  the  said 
Twenty  Dollars  per  acre  advance  may  be  deducted,  together  with  material  and  seed 
or  any  unpaid  portion  of  same  from  the  cash  crate  advance  agreed  upon  in  this  con- 
tract at  any  time  or  times  during  the  shipping  season,  subject  to  the  api^roval  of  the 
Japanese  Farmers'  .Association,  and  it  is  further  agreed  and  understood  that  at  the 
end  of  the  shipping  season  the  Distributor  will,  as  soon  as  possible,  furnish  the 
Grower  with  a  statement  showing  the  average  net  returns  for  all  crates  received  for 
shipment  from  the  Grower,  and  to  pay  to  the  (3 rower  all  amounts  due  him  for  ship- 
ments above  the  advances,  seed  and  material. 

lOLEVENTII  :  The  Grower  further  agrees  that  the  acreage  and  crate  advance 
hereinbefore  provided  for  shall  not  be  made  on  such  cantaloupes  that  may  be  planted 
by  the  Grower  on  land  upon  which  another  crop  has  been  planted  during  the  same 
season. 

TWELFTH  :  And  it  is  further  agreed  by  and  between  the  partie.s  to  this  contract 
that  the  Distributor  shall  liave  the  privilege,  upon  one  day's  notice  to  the  Grower 
of  discontinuing  the  advance  payment  on  all  cantaloupes  excepting  Fancy  Standards 
and  Fancy  Jumbos  packed  forty-five  to  the  crate,  and  Fancy  Flat  crates  packed 
twelve  melons  to  the  crate.  Such  notice  to  be  given  to  the  Grower  in  writing,  or  by 
posting  written  announcement  thereof  at  the  shipping  shed  of  the  Distributor ;  and 
in  the  event  of  an  oversupply  of  cantaloupes,  and  the  Distributor  is  of  the  opinion 
that  said  cantaloupes  will  not  bring  the  cash  advance  agreed  upon  and  the  guaran- 
teed freight  charges,  the  Grower  agrees  upon  the  One  Day's  notice  hereinbefore 
mentioned  that  the  Distributor  shall  only  be  obligated  to  pay  the  cash  advance  on 
five  ci'ates  to  the  acre,  consisting  of  five  crates  of  standards  or  five  crates  of  jumbos, 
or  fifteen  flat  crates  per  acre  per  day,  and  that  any  excess  amount  offered  by  the 
(Jrower  for  shipment  from  said  acreage  over  and  above  the  number  of  crates  stipu- 
lated above  is  to  be  handled  by  the  Distributor,  for  the  account  of  the  Grower 
without  any  guarantee  cash  advance,  but  the  Grower  shall  not  be  required  to  pac^ 
any  cantaloupes  in  excess  of  said  fi\e  crates  per  acre  per  day. 

THIRTEENTH  :  In  consideration  of  the  acreage  advance  and  guaranteed  crate 
advance  agreed  upon  in  this  contract,  Paragraph  Fourth  and  Tenth,  the  Grower 
hereby  irrevocably  assigns  to  the  Distributor  for  collection  any  interest  of  every 
character  which  he  may  have  in  any  claim  or  claims  against  any  transportation  lines 
interested  in  the  transportation  of  the  cantaloupes  accepted  under  this  contract,  and 
agrees  to  pay  the  Distributor  sixteen  per  cent  on  gross  amounts  so  collected,  also 
legitimate  expense  incurred  in  making  said  collections,  and  by  mutual  agreements 
between  the  Grower  and  the  Distributor,  any  monies  so  collected  due  the  Growers 
are  to  be  prorated  when  finally  collected  among  all  Growers  shipping  through  said 
Distributor,  on  the  basis  of  the  total  crates  shipped  by  each  Grower  during  said 
season.  The  Distributor  agrees  to  furnish  the  Japanese  Farmers'  Association  a 
complete  list  of  the  claims  filed  showing  car  number  and  amount  of  claim. 

FOURTEENTH :  Distributor  agrees  to  be  responsible  for  and  account  to  the 
Grower  for  and  guarantees  the  payment  of  all  monies  due  or  to  become  due  from 
each  and  every  sale  or  sales  of  all  cantaloupes  accepted  from  the  Grower  for  dis- 
tribution under  the  terms  of  this  contract.  It  is  mutually  agreed  between  the 
parties  hereto  that  the  inspectors  furnished  by  the  Distributor  shall  make  inspection 
of  all  cantaloupes  at  any  time,  and  that  said  Inspector's  decision  on  grade,  quality 
and  pack  shall  be  final  and  binding  on  both  parties  herein. 

It  is  also  mutually  agreed  by  both  parties  hereto  that  the  size  of  crate  and  number 
of  melons  contained  in  each  crate  is  to  conform  to  all  acts  of  the  Assembly  or  Legis- 
lature in  regard  to  said  size  of  crate  or  number  of  melons  contained  in  each  crate, 
or  both. 


86  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

The  Distributor  does  hereby  agree  to  furnish  the  Japanese  Farmers'  Association 
with  a  copy  of  car  manifest,  copy  of  pool  statement  and  a  copy  of  the  original 
account  of  sales  on  all  cantaloupes  sold  for  the  account  of  the  Grower  according  to 
the  terms  of  the  contract. 

It  is  mutually  agreed  that  the  Japanese  Farmers'  Association  of  Imperial  Valley 
shall  act  and  the  said  Grower  does  hereby  appoint  the  association  as  his  true  and 
lawful  attorney  in  fact  to  act  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  Grower  in  all  matters  per- 
taining to  this  contract. 

The  Grower  hereby  acknowledged  receipt  of 

being  i)art  payment  of  tlie  acreage. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  the  parties  hereto  have  hereunto  set  their  hands 
and  seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  mentioned. 

WITNESS  :  ARTHUR  MILLER,  Distributor. 

By 


Grower. 


Section  V. 
FISHING  INDUSTRY. 


87 


FISHING  INDUSTRY. 

In  this  section : 

1)  Volume  and  importance  of  fishing  industry. 

2)  Number  of  fishermen  of  each  nationality. 

3)  Increase  of  Japanese  fishermen,  1915  to  1920. 

4)  How  fishermen  are  financed. 

5)  Violation  of  United  States  navigation  laws. 

6)  Menace  of  alien  fishing  fleet, 

7)  Can  fishing  by  aliens  be  prohibited  by  state  laws? 

[8)  Laws    prohibiting    aliens    fishing    in    Oregon,    Washington, 
British  Columbia  and  Alaska. 


S9 


FISHING    INDUSTRY.  91 


FISHING  INDUSTRY. 

T\\('  fisliiii^f  industry  of  tlm  stiitc  has  j^rowii  to  onornious  proj)ortions 
and  as  a  source  of  food  supply  is  becoming  increasingly  important 
every  day.  In  1916  tlie  total  catch  of  fish,  exclusive  of  shell  fish,  was 
86,490,392  pounds  wliile  in  the  year  1919,  the  total  catch  had  increased 
to  250,453,244  pounds.  As  to  the  money  value  of  this  product  we  quote 
from  the  report  of  the  State  Fish  and  Game  Commi.ssion  as  follows : 
"The  wholesale  value  of  the  fish  marketed  fresh  at  10  cents  per  pound 
would  add  $5,000,000  to  the  total  value  of  fi.shery  products  (eanned 
and  dried)  for  the  year  1919,  making  a  total  valuation  of  $26,417,743 
for  the  year  1919." 

Natural  Resources. 

It  is  contended  that  food  fish  is  a  natural  resource  and  in  common 
with  the  other  natural  resources  of  the  state  is  regarded  as  primarily 
and  inherently  belonging  to  the  citizens  of  the  state  rather  than  to  out- 
siders or  aliens.  The  report  of  the  State  Fish  and  Game  Commission 
places  the  total  value  of  the  investments  in  fish  canneries  alone  in  Cali- 
fornia at  $7,708,871  up  to  December  31,  1919,  and  in  these  fish  canning 
and  packing  establishments  there  are  employed  8,242  persons  of  which 
1,751  are  Japanese.  Besides  there  arc  about  200  Japanese  employed  in 
wholesale  fresh  fish  markets  in  California. 

The  Orientals,  particularly  the  Japanese,  have  recognized  the  import- 
ance of  this  industry  and  have  entered  the  fishing  business  in  ever- 
increasing  numbers  until  today  there  are  more  Japanese  fishermen 
operating  on  the  coasts  of  California  than  any  other  nationality.  On 
the  pages  following  there  is  given  the  total  number  of  commercial 
fishermen  in  California  divided  into  nationalities  for  the  fiscal  years 
1915-16,  1917-18  and  1918-19,  as  compiled  by  the  State  Fish  and  Game 
Commission  during  their  licensing  periods.  These  records  will  show 
that  in  the  1915-16  license  year  there  were  491  Japanese  fishermen  out 
of 'a  total  of  3758,  or  approximately  13  per  cent.  The  year  1919-20 
shows  1316  Japanese  out  of  a  total  of  4671  or  28  per  cent  of  the  total. 

From  the  foregoing  it  is  noted  that  within  a  period  of  about  four 
years  the  Japanese  fishermen  have  increased  in  number  until  they  now 
outnumber  any  other  nationality,  having  increased  about  168  per  cent. 
They  also  increased  from  13  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  fishermen 
to  28  per  cent.  Of  the  total  number  of  fishermen's  boats  operated  from 
the  coasts  of  California,  355  of  them  are  manned  by  Japanese  and  796 
are  operated  by  all  other  nationalities  combined,  the  total  value  of  the 
Japanese  boats  being  $1,397,000  and  the  value  of  all  the  other  boats 
being  $2,055,000. 


92  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   OBIENTAIj. 

Financing  Japanese  Fishermen. 
As  to  the  method  of  financing  tlie  Japanese  fishermen,  we  quote  from 
fhe  report  of  Mr.  E.  M.  Nielsen  of  the  San  Pedro  office,  State  Fish  and 
Game  Commission,  concerning  the  Japanese  in  southern  California: 

"In  most  cases  Japauese-owned  boats  are  uuder  obligation  to  some  cannery.  The 
cannery  furnishes  the  Japanese  with  boat  and  equipment  turning  ownership  over 
to  him  but  holding  a  mortgage  on  same  until  paid  for  by  the  Japanese.  Each  catch 
the  Japanese  brings  in,  a  certain  per  cent  is  taken  out  and  credited  on  the  mortgage 
of  the  boat.  Investigations  show  that  very  few  Japanese  have  their  boats  paid  up 
in  full.  Japanese  boats  are  registered  with  the  United  States  Customs  House  as 
Japanese-owned  boats,  that  shows  .Japanese  ownership  according  to  the  registration, 
but  in  most  case.s   mortgages  are  held   by  some  cannery. 

Located  at  Fish  Harbor  (East  San  Pedro)  is  a  Japanese  boat-building  plant. 
This  firm  employs  fourteen  Japanese.  They  have  cut  into  the  white  boat  builders 
considerable,  according  to  information  received.  Plants  operated  by  Americans 
claim  the  Japanese  underbid  them  because  they  pay  their  help  less  and  do  not  turn 
out  as  good  work.  Thi.s  Japanese  firm  is  now  building  purse  seine  boats  both  for 
white  and  Japanese  fishermen." 

It  is  clear  to  be  seen  that  American  canneries  by  financing  the 
Japanese  fisherman  make  possible  his  operations  in  competition  with 
American  citizens. 

Violation  of  Federal  Navigation  Laws  Alleged. 
The  State  Fish  and  Game  ronniiis,sioii  in  its  report  calls  attention 
to  the  fact  that  there  appear  to  be  many  violations  of  the  Federal 
Navigation  Laws.  Page  18,  Section  9,  R.  S.  43^11  covering  the  Federal 
Navigation  Laws  requires  vessels  of  20  tons  or  over,  engaged  in  coast- 
wise trade  or  fisheries,  to  be  enrolled  and  licensed  and  boats  of  5  to  20 
tons  to  be  licensed  only.  This  latter  class,  5  to  20  tons,  includes,  accord- 
ing to  the  report  of  the  State  Fish  and  Game  Commission,  "Practically 
all  of  the  fishing  boats  at  San  Pedro  and  San  Diego,"  which  the  com- 
mission states  are  between  5  and  20  tons.  The  Federal  Navigation 
Laws  require  these  vessels  to  be  licensed  and  the  master  of  the  vessel 
must  swear  that  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  as  indicated  by  the 
following  quotation  from  the  United  States  revised  statutes: 

The  master  of  a  licensed  vessel  shall  swear  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
and  if  the  vessel  is  less  than  20  tons  burden  "the  husband  or  managing  owner  shall 
.swear  that  she  is  wholly  the  property  of  citizens  of  the  United  States."  (Page  43, 
section  50,  R.  S.  4320.)  If  a  licensed  vessel  is  transferred  in  whole  or  in  part  to  any 
person  who  is  not  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  the  vessel  with  her  equipment  and 
cargo  shall  be  forfeited.      (Page  200,  section  281,  R.  S.  4377.) 

If  all  of  the  Japanese  fishermen's  boats  are  manned  and  mastered 
entirely  by  Japanese,  regardless  of  whether  native  born  citizens  or  not, 
it  seems  apparent  that  in  many  instances  these  laws  are  being  violated. 
Press  reports  of  April  14,  1920,  contain  the  statement  that  the  United 
States  Attorney  General  has  instructed  the  United  States  District 
Attorney  for  the  southern  district  of  California  to  proceed  in  strict 
enforcement  of  these  laws  and  to  prosecute  vigorously  any  violations. 
It  is  stated  in  the  same  dispatches  that  an  investigation  is  being  made 
of  this  matter. 


PISHINO    INDUSTRY.  93 

Immediately  upon  entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the  World  War 
all  fisliin<^  boats  manned  by  aliens  were  interned.  Subsequently  in 
order  lo  avoid  diminishing  the  fish  food  supply,*  the  United  States 
Government  permitted  these  boats  to  go  out  to  fish  provided  there  was 
upon  each  of  these  boats  a  duly  appointed  American  citizen  in  charge 
of  it.  From  this  it  would  appear  that  a  number  of  these  boats  are 
owned  and  manned  by  aliens. 

Menace  in  Alien  Fishing  Fleet. 

It  is  very  significant  to  note  that  the  increase  in  Japanese  fwhermen 
as  shown  above  from  the  license  year  1915-16  to  the  license  year  1919-20 
was  168  per  cent  or  825  persons,  while  all  of  the  other  nationalities 
combined  increased  but  2.07  per  cent  or  88  persons.  This  increase  in 
the  number  of  Japanese  fishermen  is  confined  largely  to  southern  Cali- 
fornia waters. 

For  the  fishing  fleet,  operating  off  our  coast,  to  be  manned  by  an 
alien  people  involves  several  factors  vital  to  the  best  interests  of  this 
country,  amounting,  in  fact,  to  potential  dangers. 

(1)  Is  it  good  public  policy  at  any  time,  whether  at  peace  or  in 
war,  to  have  so  important  a  food  as  the  fish  supply  monopolized  by 
peoples  of  an  alien  race?  The  growth  of  the  fish  industry  has  made  it 
one  of  the  principal  sources  of  food  supply  for  the  state. 

(2)  The  fishing  boats  in  their  daily  and  constant  travels  in  and  out 
and  up  and  down  the  coast  acquire  an  intimate  knowledge  of  coast  line, 
harbors  and  defenses,  which  is  not  only  exceedingly  valuable  if  used  for 
the  benefit  of  our  country,  but  would  be  extremely  dangerous  to  us  and 
serviceable  to  an  enemy  if  made  available  to  such  enemy  during  a 
period  of  war. 

(3)  The  experience  of  the  British,  in  particular,  during  the  late 
World  War  demonstrated  the  value  of  the  services  of  the  fishing  fleet 
for  patrol  duty  along  the  coast  line  during  the  war,  the  fishing  fleet 
with  its  small  boats  scattered  along  the  entire  coast  proved  exceedingly 
valuable  in  reporting  the  approach  of  enemy  boats  and  submarines.  In 
the  case  of  California  with  a  fishing  fleet  manned  by  aliens,  especially  if 
circumstances  made  them  enemy  aliens,  we  would  not  only  lose  the 
valuable  services  of  these  boats  for  patrol  duty  during  a  time  of  war 
but  this  same  fishing  fleet  might  become  a  powerful  aid  to  the  enemy. 

(4)  This  fishing  fleet  provides  a  convenient  means  for  illegal  entry 
into  the  state.  The  following  language  appears  on  page  409  of  the  1919 
report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Immigration :  ' '  Numerous 
Japanese  fishing  boats  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  operating  in  Mexican 
waters,  are  employed  to  facilitate  the  illegal  entry  of  Japanese 
laborers. ' ' 

WHAT  CAN   BE   DONE. 

Aliens  can  be  wholly  prohibited  from  fishing  simply  by  the  enact- 
ment of  the  necessary  laws  by  the  State  of  California.  The  states  of 
Oregon  and  Washington  both  have  very  stringent  fishing  laws  pro- 


94  CALIFORNIA    AND   TIIE   ORIENTAL. 

hibiting  aliens  from  practically  every  kind  of  fishinjx.  British  Colum- 
bia confines  its  fisliing  privileges  entirely  to  British  subject.s  only.  As 
to  Alaska,  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  has  very  carefully  pro- 
tected this  territory  by  federal  laws  prohibiting  all  aliens  from  engag- 
ing in  the  fishing  industry,  allowing  aliens  merely  to  fish  with  hook  and 
line  or  by  gaff  or  spear,  thus  entirely  prohibiting  them  from  seine 
fishing  or  any  other  method  of  commercial  fishing  on  a  large  scale. 

It  is  therefore  apparent  that  aliens  are  prohibited  from  commercial 
fishing  everywhere  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  from  the  Mexican  jjorder  to 
and  including  Alaska,  except  the  coast  of  California. 

Following  are  the  laws  of  Washington,  Oregon,  British  Columbia 
and  Federal  Statutes  relating  to  Alaska : 

Washington. 

Section  58.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  fish  or  take  for 
sale  or  profit  any  salmon  or  other  food  or  shell  fish  in  any  of  the  rivers 
or  waters  of  this  state  or  over  which  it  has  concurrent  jurisdiction  in 
civil  and  criminal  cases,  unless  such  person  be  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  or  has  declared  his  intention  to  become  such  and  is  and  has  been 
for  twelve  months  immediately  prior  to  the  time  he  engages  in  such 
business  an  actual  resident  of  this  state  or  an  adjoining  state;  but  this 
section  shall  not  apply  to  Indians.     (Laws  of  Washington,  1917,  p.  798.) 

Section  5150-43.  Licenses — To  whom  not  issued.  No  license  for 
taking  or  catching  salmon  or  other  food  or  shell  fish  required  by  this 
act  shall  be  issued  to  any  person  who  is  not  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  of  the  age  of  eighteen  years  or  over,  unless  such  person  has 
declared  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen,  and  is  and  has  been  an 
actual  resident  of  the  state  for  one  year  immediately  preceding  the 
application  for  such  license.  Nor  shall  any  license  be  issued  to  a  cor- 
poration unless  it  is  authorized  to  do  business  in  this  state.  Nothing 
herein  contained  shall  be  construed  to  prevent  the  issuance  of  licenses 
to  Indians,  providing  such  applicants  possess  the  qualifications  of 
residence  hereinbefore  required,  nor  prevent  the  renewal  of  licenses  for 
fixed  appliances  by  persons  now  holding  the  same.  (Remington's  1915 
Code,  Sec.  5150-43.) 

The  following  correspondence  between  the  State  Fish  and  Game 
Commission  of  California  and  L.  H.  Darwin,  Washington  State  Fish 
Commissioner,  throws  considerable  light  on  the  operation  of  the  Wash- 
ington law.  The  principal  case  arising  in  the  Washington  courts 
upon  this  question  is  that  of  Consanti  vs.  Darwin,  102  Wash.  402,  in 
which  the  court  said : 

"That  the  legislature  may  prohibit  any  but  citizens  of  this  state  and 
of  the  United  States  from  receiving  a  fishing  license  within  this 
state,  admits  of  no  doubt." 


PISHING    INDUSTRY.  95 

San  Fkancisco,  Camkouma,  Fcbniary  11,  1020. 
L.  11.  Dauwin, 

Commissioner  of  Fisheries,  Hluir  of  W'nsliinf/loii, 
Fieaitle,  Washington. 
Has  soction  forly-throo  of  Iho  fisheries  codo  of  WnshinKlori,  provirlinK  that  no 
liceiiso  for  catching  food  fish  shall  be  is.sued  to  persons  not  citizens  of  the  United 
States  unless  such  person  has  declared  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen,  been 
questioned  in  the  courts?  Is  this  law  in  conliict  with  Ihe  .Japanese  treaty?  Is  it 
beins  enforced?     Wire  answer  collect. 

Cai.iiorma  Fish  ano  Game  CoAfMissinN. 

Skatti.k,  WA.siiiNfiTO.N,  February   12,  1920. 
California  Fish  and  Came  Commission, 
San  Francisco,  California. 
Responding   to   your    night    letter   of    the   elevenlh.    Supreme    Court    this   .'itate    in 
case  of  Consanti  vs.  Darwin  as  Fi.sh  Commissioner  upheld  constitutionality  of  section 
forty-three  of  our  fisheries  code  and   went  further  and  said   that   right  ot  state  to 
limit  issuance  of  fishing  licenses  to  American  citizens  was  uuijuestionable.     We  are 
enforcing   this   action   as   against  Japanese   and   all   other  aliens   and   no  claim   has 
been  made  to  my  knowledge  by  Japanese  government  that  this  provision  is  in  con- 
flict with  our  Japanese  treaty. 

L.  H.  Darwin, 
Washington  State  Fish  Commissioner. 

Oregon. 

Official  Correspondence  Containing  the  Law. 

Game  Commission  of  the  State  Board  of  Fish  and  Game  Commissioners 
ORECiON  Building,  Fifth  and  Oak  Streets 

Portland,  April  7,  1920. 
Mr.  Carl  Westerfeld, 

Executive  Officer,  Fish  and  Game  Commission, 
San  Francisco,  California. 
Dear   Sir:  I   am   mailing  you,   under   separate   cover,    a   copy   of   the   1919-1920 
commercial  edition  of  the  fish   laws.     Section  132  provides  for  the  qualification  of 
the  applicants  for  licenses.     This  was  passed  at  the  1919  session  of  the  Legislature. 
It  has  been  passed  upon  by  the  United  States  District  Court  in  the  case  of  Olin 
vs.  State  of  Oregon.     The  court  sustained  the  law.     It  has  been  passed  upon  indi- 
rectly by  the  Oregon   Circuit   Court  at  Astoria,   and   the   law  was  sustained   there. 
Section  134  has  been  passed  upon  a  number  of  times  by  different  courts  and  it  has 
always  been  sustained  under  the  police  power  of  the  state  and  that  clause  of  the 
constitution   of  the  United   States  permitting  states  to  enter  into   a  compact  upon 
consent  of  Congress. 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

Carl  D.  Shoemaker, 

State  Game  Warden. 

Fisii  and  Game  Commission  of  California 

San  Francisco,  April  13,  1920. 
State  Board  of  Control, 
Sacramento,  California. 

Gentlemen  :  You  will  find  enclosed  herewith  a  letter  from  Carl  D.  Shoemaker, 
State  Game  Warden  of  Oregon,  about  the  constitutionality  of  sections  132  and  134 
of  the  Oregon  fish  and  game  laws. 

Section   132  provides  : 

"No  license  for  the  taking  or  catching  of  salmon  or  other  food  or  shell  fish  as 
required  by  the  laws  of  this  state,  shall  be  issued  to  any  i>eTson  who  is  not  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  and  who  has  not  been  an  actual  resident  of  the  state  for  one 
year  immediately  preceding  the  application  for  such  license  ;  nor  shall  any  license  be 
Issued  to  a  corporation  unless  it  is  authorized  to  do  business  in  this  state." 

Section  134  provides  that : 

"It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  fish  or  take  for  sale  or  profit  any  salmon, 
sturgeon  or  other  food  fish  in  any  of  the  rivers  or  waters  over  which  the  states  of 
Oregon  and  Washington  have  concurrent  rights  and  concurrent  jurisdiction  unless 
such  person  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or  has  declared  his  intentions  in  good 


96 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL 


faith  to  become  such  and  has  been  for  one  jear  immediately  prior  to  the  time  he 
makes  application,  an  actual  resident  of  the  state  in  which  he  seeks  to  obtain  his 
license." 

From  Mr.  Shoemaker's  letter  it  appears  that  both  of  these  sections  have  been 
declared  constitutional  by  the  courts  of  Oregon  and  also  the  federal  courts.  I  regret 
that  he  has  not  given  us  the  citation  of  the  cases  in  which  these  laws  were  con- 
strued, but  I  daresay  the  Attorney  General  at  Sacramento  will  be  able  to  find  them 
if  they  have  been  reported. 

If  there  is  any  further  aid  that  we  can  render  you  in  this  matter,  we  will  be  glad 
to  do  so. 

Very  truly  yours, 

C.  A.  Westerkeld, 
Executive  Officer. 

Revised   Statutes  of   British  Columbia,   1911,   Chapter  89,  Section    13. 

The  Commissioner  may  issue,  or  authorize  to  be  issued,  to  British 
subjects  only,  fishery  leases  or  fishery  licenses  for  fisheries  and  fi.shing 
to  be  carried  on  in  Provincial  waters. 


Alaska. 

United  States  compiled  statutes  1916,  Section  3623  (Act  June  14, 
1906.) 

"It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  not  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  or  who  has  declared  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  is  not  a  bona  fide  resident  therein,  or  for  any  com- 
pany, corporation,  or  association  not  organized  or  authorized  to  transact 
business  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  or  under  the  laws 
of  any  state,  territory,  or  district  thereof,  or  for  any  person  not  a 
native  of  Alaska,  to  catch  or  kill,  or  attempt  to  catch  or  kill,  except 
with  rod,  spear  or  gaff,  any  fish  of  any  kind  or  species  whatsoever  in 
any  of  the  waters  of  Alaska  under  the  jurisdiction  of  tiie  United 
States." 


Nativity  of  Fishermen  in  California. 


Year  1915-16 

Italy   .. 

United  States  ... 

Japan  

Greece    

Portugal    

Russia    

Austria    

Germany  

Sweden 

China 

Norway 

Denmark  

Spain 

England    

Canada   

Turkey  

Ireland - 

Scotland  .... 

Miscellaneous  ... 


Year  1017-18 

1,310  Italy   

1,094  United  States  ... 

491  Japan 

184  Portugal 

152  Greece 

82  Austria   

67  Germany 

58  Sweden  

54  China    

46  Denmark  

44  Russia    

41  Norway    

19  Spain 

17  Azores    

13  Finland  

12  England 

10  Conada    

1  Holland - 

63  Miscellaneous   ... 


Year  1918-19 

1,138  Japan  

970  United  States  ... 

998  Italy   

91  Austria   

87  Greece 

83  Portugal — 

58  Germany 

48  Denmark  

39  China    

36  Spain    

36  Sweden 

34  Norway 

28  Finland   

23  England    

21  Russia    

15  Canada    

U  France 

8  Mexico   

38  Miscellaneous   ... 


1.261 

1,185 

1,152 

133 

123 

121 

57 

46 

45 

45 

42 

37 

35 

29 

28 

16 

9 

9 

20 


Section  VI. 
LABOR. 


7—4460 

S>7 


LABOR. 

In  this  section : 

(1)  Character  of  Oriental  labor. 

(a)  Chinese. 

(b)  Hindu. 

(c)  Japanese. 

(2)  Do  Orientals  work  for  whites  as  laborers? 

(3)  Working  and  living  conditions  of  Orientals  compared  with 
American  standards.  Americans  will  never  adopt  the  Oriental 
standards,  and  should  not.  Housing  conditions,  Japanese  and  Hindu, 
in  various  parts  of  California  as  described  by  inspectors  and  sani- 
tary engineer  of  California  Immigration  and  Housing  Commission. 

(4)  Effect  of  Oriental  land  occupation  upon  the  American  small 
farmer.  American  farmers  cannot  compete  with  Orientals,  especially 
the  Japanese,  with  their  standards. 

(5)  Percentage  of  Japanese  in  various  agricultural  pursuits. 

(6)  Sudden  removal  of  Japanese  not  wise. 

(7)  Percentage  that  the  Japanese  produced  of  the  whole  total  of 
various  crops  produced  in  the  state. 

(8)  Japanese  labor  and  agricultural  activities  thoroughly 
organized. 

(9)  By-laws  of  Japanese  Association  of  America. 

(10)  Treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation. 

(11)  Orientals  are  increasing  their  commercial  activities. 

(12)  The  farm  labor  problem  of  California  can  be  satisfactorily 
handled  without  the  use  of  Orientals..  Letters  from  organizations 
and  individuals  who  have  solved  the  problem  with  white  labor  are 
given. 


99 


LABOR.  101 


LABOR. 


While  it  has  been  generally  considered  that  the  presence  in  California 
ol"  Oriental  la])orers  has  its  most  detrimental  effect  upon  the  laboring 
classes  here,  it  has  more  recently  been  thoroughly  demonstrated  that  this 
is  not  a  fact.  Oriental  labor  does  not  enter  very  seriously  into  com- 
jx'tition  with  the  American  laboriiiji^  classes. 

The  most  serious  injury  done  by  Oriental  laborers  is  to  the  American 
small  farmer.  Most  of  the  Oriental  laborers  coming  to  California, 
especially  from  Japan,  are  from  the  agricultural  classes  and  upon 
;iii-ival  enter  as  quickly  as  circumstances  will  permit  into  agricultural 
pursuits.  It  is  the  usual  practice  of  the  Orientals,  especially  the 
Japanese,  to  serve  a  short  apprenticeship  as  a  farm  laborer,  this  service 
usually  being  for  farmers  of  liis  own  nationality  but  as  soon  as  oppor- 
tunity afTords  he  becomes  a  tenant  farmer,  either  under  lease  or  some 
form  of  crop  contract. 

Oriental  Laborer  Works  Little  for  Whites. 
As  a  matter  of  establislied  fact,  the  Oriental  is  of  no  appreciable 
value  as  a  farm  laborer  to  the  American  farmer.  Very  few  of  tliem, 
compared  with  the  whole  total  of  Orientals  in  California,  are  in  the 
employ  of  American  farmers  as  purely  farm  help.  The  presence  of 
Oriental  labor,  therefore,  in  California  can  not  be  considered  of  much 
value  to  the  American  farmer  who  actually  farms  his  own  land.  The 
Oriental  farm  laboring  class  is  valuable  principally  to  land  speculators 
or  developers  who  do  not  farm  their  own  lands  but  lease  them  upon 
some  crop  basis  to  Orientals.  As  a  matter  of  fact  there  are  probably 
more  white  laborers  working  for  Oriental  farmers  than  there  are 
Oriental  laborers  working  for  American  farmers. 

Chinese. 

Since  the  Geary  Act  of  1882  excluded  the  Chinese,  there  has  been  a 
steady  decrease  in  Chinese  population,  the  present  Chinese  population 
in  California  being  about  40  per  cent  of  the  number  at  the  time  the  act 
was  passed.  Because  the  Chinese  have  been  residents  in  California  for 
many  years,  dating  back  as  far  as  the  mining  days  of  '49,  it  naturally 
follows  that  a  very  large  part  of  the  present  Chinese  residents  of  Cali- 
fornia are  native-born  Californians.  Except  for  a  few  large  agricul- 
tural corporations,  the  jChinese  are  generally  engaged  in  small  com- 
mercial enterprises  supplying  the  needs  of  their  own  countrymen. 
Owing  to  the  effectiveness  of  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Act,  the  Chinese 
can  not  be  considered  a  menace  for  the  future. 

Hindu. 
The  Hindu,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Commissioner  of  the  State  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics,  is  the  most  undesirable  immigrant  in  the  state. 
His  lack  of  personal  cleanliness,  his  low  morals  and  his  blind  adherence 


102  CALIFORNIA    AND   TITE    ORIENTAL. 

to  theories  and  teachings,  so  cntirrly  rcpufrnant  to  Americau  principles, 
make  liim  unfit  for  association  with  American  people.  These  refer- 
ences apply  to  the  low  easte  Hindu  or  SiUhs.  Kejiorts  from  official 
authorities  concerning  these  people  on  file  in  the  otViee  in  the  State 
Board  of  Control  are  unfit  for  publication. 

In  keeping  with  the  above  estimate  of  the  low  easte  Hindu,  it  is 
significant  to  note  that  although  he  is  a  su]),iect  of  the  liritish  Crown, 
he,  nevertheless,  has  been  and  is  now  excluded  from  practically  all  of 
the  British  provinces,  including  Canada,  Australia,  New  Zealand  and 
South  Africa.  In  fact,  it  would  appear  that  the  presence  in  California 
of  the  Hindu  is  largely  traceable  to  one  large  boat  load  from  British 
Columbia,  out  of  which  country  they  were  forcibly  driven. 

On  a  following  page  is  given  a  copy  of  a  letter  from  Attorney  M.  P. 
Shaughnessy  of  the  firm  of  Shaughnessy  and  Atherton,  attorneys  at 
law,  Stockton,  California,  IMr.  Shaughnessy  being  the  legal  adviser  for 
a  large  part  of  the  Hindus  in  the  State  of  California.  This  letter  is 
dated  February  16,  1920,  and  indicates  that  there  are  about  2600 
Hindus,  commonly  so-called,  in  the  state,  of  which  2000  are  Sikhs,  500 
Mohammedans  and  100  Hindus.  ^Mr.  Shaughnessy  makes  the  following 
statement:  "You  are  familiar,  of  course,  with  the  fact  that  none  of 
them  are  now  permitted  to  enter  the  United  States."     (Sec  page  108.) 

Japanese. 
The  Japanese,  therefore,  constitute  the  principal  Oi-iental  to  be 
considered.  It  has  already  been  stated  that  the  Japanese  occupy  the 
status  of  farm  laborer  for  but  a  short  period  after  arrival  here;  that 
most  of  their  service  as  such  farm  laborers  is  in  the  employ  of  their 
own  countrymen  here ;  that  these  farm  laliorers  quickly  graduate  into 
independent  lease  holders  or  crop  contractors;  and  tliat  the  presence, 
therefore,  of  Japanese  farm  laborers  is  of  little  service  to  the  Americau 
farmer,  but  that  he  enters  into  direct  competition  with  the  American 
farmer. 

Working  and  Living  Conditions. 

The_\vorking  conditions  and  living  conditions  of  the  Japanese 
farmer  and  farm  laborer  make  successful  eompctition  by  Ameriean 
farmers  almost  impossible.  The  Japanese  farmers  and  evei-y  mehiber 
in  the  family,  physically  alile  to  do  so.  ineluding  the  wife  and  little 
children,  work  in  the  field  long  hours,  practically  from  dayliglit  t«> 
dark,  on  Sundays  and  holidays,  and.  in  the  majority  of  cases,  live  in 
shacks  or  under  conditions  far  below  the  standards  required  and 
desired  by  Americans. 

Japanese  working  and  living  C(Miditions  are  shown  in  tlie 
accompanying : 

Report  of  the   Sauitai-y    Engineer  of   the   State   Commission   of 
Immigration  and  Housing.     (See  page  108.) 


LABOR.  103 

Ixcporls  ol'  ioiir  dilTrrciit  ('aiiip  I iisjx'ctor.s  of  tlift  State  Com- 
iiiission  of  Iiiiiiii^'i-utioii  and  Housing'.      (See  page  110.) 

Ijctlcf  of  II.  K.  liartoii,  Special  ('cnsvis  Kniimerator  in  Tmporial 
Coiiiilv,  fo)'  llic  State  Hoard  of  Control.     (See  page  111.) 

Impossible  Competition. 

'rii(>   pi'cseneo  of  the  Japanese  in   agriculliiral    piir.suit.s  under  such 
woi'kin;,'  and   liviiii;  conditions  works  the  greatest  hardship  upon  the 
small  fanner,  esi)ecially  thos(!  farmers  who  perform  the  larger  part  of 
their  own  work.     This  impossible  competition   is  emphasized  by  the 
fact  that  the  Japanese  are  in  a  large  measure  independent  contractors, 
or  land  owners,  and  not  ordinary  laborers.     American  farmers  can  not    ] 
successfully  compete  with  Japanese  farmers  if  the  Americans  adhere  / 
to  the  American  principles  so  universally  approved  in  America,  includ-  ^^ 
ing  clean  and  wholesome  living  quarters,  reasonable  working  hours,  the 
usual   Siinday  rest  and  holiday   recreation  and,  above  all,   refraining     ; 
fi'om  working  the  women  and  children  in  the  fields. 

The  Japanese  practically  control  the  production  of  certain  classes  of 
agricultural  products,  and  the  number  of  Japanese  engaged  in  certain 
classes  of  agricultural  pursuits  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other 
nationality.  In  proof  of  this  we  quote  from  Yamato  Ichihashi,  Ph.D., 
instnu'tor  in  Japanese  history  and  government  and  lecturer  in 
economics  at  Stanford  University,  whose  book  "Japanese  Immigration," 
puljlislied  in  1915,  contains  charts  covering  thase  subjects. 

The  results  shown  in  these  charts  which  were  prepared  in  1915  are 
l)rol)ably  more  accentuated  today,  so  far  as  the  percentage  of  Japanese 
is  concerned.  According  to  Chart  No.  1,  the  percentage  which  the 
Japanese  represent  of  the  whole  total  of  persons  engaged  in  the  grow- 
ing of  the  following  agricultural  products,  is  as  follows: 

Berries    88  per  cent 

Sugar  beets  67  per  cent 

Nursery  products  58  per  cent 

Grapes 52  per  cent 

V(>getablcs 46  per  cent 

Citrus  fruits 39  per  cent 

Deciduous  fruits 36  per  cent 

Chart  No.  2  shows  the  percentage  of  Japanese  workers  in  certain 
agricultural  pui'suits  out  of  the  whole  total  of  persons  engaged  in  these 
activities : 

Berry  pickers 95  per  cent 

Vegetable  pickers 95  per  cent 

Celery   (hand  workers) 94  per  cent 

Beet  toppers  and  loaders 88  per  cent 

Beet  hoers  and  thinners 85  per  cent 

Grape  pickers   74  per  cent 

Pruners 72  per  cent 

Fruit  pickers 58  per  cent 


104  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Japanese  Thoroughly   Organized. 

Japanese  agricultural  activities  are  thoroufrhly  oreranized.  There 
are  fifty-five  local  associations  in  the  State  of  California,  nineteen  in 
the  nine  counties  of  southern  California  affiliated  with  the  Japanese 
Agricultural  Association  of  .southern  California,  and  tliirty-six  asso- 
ciations in  northern  and  central  California  affiliated  with  the  Japa- 
nese Agricultural  Association  and  the  California  Farmers  Cooperative 
Association.  All  of  these  local  associations  are  in  turn  closely  con- 
nected with  the  Japanese  Association  of  America,  in  California,  which 
organization  is  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  Japanese  Consul 
General  at  San  Francisco  and  he  in  turn  is  directed  by  the  Japanese 
Ambassador  at  Washington.  The  individual  members  in  these  associa- 
tions pay  dues  monthly  which  range  from  $3  to  $15  per  year  per 
member.  The  sum  total  of  the  dues  thus  raised  amounting  to  approxi- 
mately $135,000  per  year  in  the  State  of  California.  This  sum  is  used 
in  such  manner  as  seems  advisable  to  the  i)arent  association  for  the 
advancement  of  the  agricultural,  educational  and  financial  interests  of 
the  Japanese. 

On  pages  following  is  a  copy  of  the  by-laws  of  the  Japanese  As.socia- 
tion  of  America  as  it  operates  in  California.      (See  page  113.) 

Sudden  Removal  Not  Wise. 
It  is  but  proper  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  any  sudden 
removal  of  the  Japanese  from  their  present  agricultural  pursuits  in 
California  would  affect  our  food  supply  very  seriously.  The  annual 
output  of  agricultural  products  by  Japanese  in  1919,  approximating 
$67,000,000,  consists  of  food  products  practically  indispensable  to  the 
state's  daily  supply.  The  Japanese.  l)eing  a  race  of  short  people,  seem 
willing  to  engage  in  those  lines  of  agricultural  work  which  call  for 
so-called  "squat  labor"  or  the  class  of  "stoop  and  pick  labor." 

Orientals  Increasing  Commercial  Activities, 
It  must  be  expected  that  the  Oriental,  if  crowded  out  of  the  agricul- 
tural field,  will  rapidly  increase  his  commercial  activities.  This  has 
been  demonstrated  in  California  by  the  increasing  commercial  activities 
of  the  Chinese,  the  race  of  Orientals  that  has  been  longest  resident  in 
California,  and  who  now  maintain  large  markets  and  retail  grocei-y 
stores,  besides  operating  some  very  large  fruit  canneries. 

In  the  hearing  before  the  House  Committee  on  Immigration  and 
Naturalization,  June  12,  1919.  testimony  was  presented  to  show  that  in 
Seattle,  on  April  1,  1919,  47  per  cent  of  the  hotels  and  about  25  per 
cent  of  the  grocery  conoerns  were  operated  by  Japanese. 

Japanese,  in  particular,  are  accorded  many  commercial  rights  in 
America  by  the  Treaty  of  Comnierec  and  Navigation  of  1911  between 


LABOR.  105 

the  United  States  and  Japan.    A  copy  of  this  treaty  is  given  in  full  on 
paj^'cs  following.      (See  page  115.) 

Th(^  (lepcndonee  of  any  people  upon  an  alien  population  for  its  neces- 
sary food  supply  is  a  condition  worthy  of  serious  consideration.  Many 
suf?gcstions  have  been  offered  for  correcting  the  present  situation.  The 
accoiiipanyiiig  letter  by  T.  W.  Q.  Lyons,  motor  ear  dealer  of  Brawley, 
California,  addressed  to  Governor  Stephens,  presents  one  suggestion — 
that  of  bringing  in  Mexiean  lal)or.  (See  page  121.)  Others  have  sug- 
gested importing  Chinese  labor,  in  bond,  to  be  worked  for  a  limited 
period  of  years  and  returned  to  China  at  the  end  of  the  period  pre- 
scribed. It,  however,  seems  to  be  the  more  general  opinion  that  the 
bringing  in  of  any  cheap  farm  labor  reduces  the  productive  value  of  the 
labor  of  the  American  small  farmer  whose  labor  is  of  necessity  measured 
by  the  wage  of  the  cheap  laborer  with  whom  he  is  compelled  to  compete. 
The  so-called  shortage  of  farm  la))or  is  more  apparent  than  real.  Just 
at  present,  al)normal  conditions  prevail  in  all  lines  of  business,  each 
industry  bidding  against  the  other  with  ever-increasing  higher  wages. 
When  abnormally  high  wages  are  paid  in  industrial  lines,  the  natural 
tendency  of  farm  labor  is  to  go  to  the  city.  In  ordinary  normal  times, 
however,  ample  American  farm  labor  can  be  secured  if  proper  living 
conditions  and  inducements  are  made  sufficiently  attractive.  The 
accompanying  letter  by  Dr.  Elwood  Mead,  Chairman  of  the  State  Land 
Settlement  Board,  points  out  the  economic  value  of  satisfied  local  com- 
munities of  American  farmers  and  points  to  the  Durham  Land  Settle- 
ment as  an  example  of  what  can  be  successfully  accomplished  with 
American  farmers  under  proper  conditions.  To  quote  Dr.  Mead,  who 
aptl}^  puts  it  this  way : 

"AmiMicniis  will  do  any  kiud  of  farm  or  garden  work  if  there  is  back  of  it  erf- 
dclcnt  -stiimihis  to  their  pride,  interest  and  ambition.  The  State  Land  Settlement 
Act,  if  sufficiently  extended,  will  settle  the  problem  of  intelligent,  dependable  Amer- 
ican labor  on  the  farm.  It  is  the  most  direct  and  effective  way  of  mitigating  if  not 
ending  the  menace  of  alien  land  ownership  and  of  creating  communities  that  do  not 
amalgamate  and  of  subjecting  this  state  to  the  menace  of  racial  antagonisms." 

Dr.  Mead  verifies  his  statements  with  experiences  in  similar  work  by 
liim  in  Australia,  and  also  points  to  the  methods  in  this  respect  followed 
by  France,  Germany,  Denmark,  Ireland,  Scotland,  Australia  and  New 
Zealand.     (See  page  123.) 

Following  also  is  attached  letter  of  Prof.  R.  L.  Adams,  Federal 
Farm  Manager  for  California  and  Professor  of  Farm  Management  at 
the  University  of  California.  He  gives  an  analysis  of  the  present  con- 
dition of  farm  labor  in  California  and  a  classification  of  California's 
farm  labor  needs.  Prof.  Adams'  conclusion  is  that  we  should  adhere  to 
those  classes  of  farm  products  which  do  not  necessitate  the  hiring  of 
undesirable  cheap  labor  including  Mexicans,  Japanese,  Chinese  and 
Hindus;  that  there  are  many  lines  of  farm  enterprises  that  may  be 


106  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

profitably  followed  in  California  that  do  not  require  this  cheap  olass  of 
labor;  and  that  we  should  follow  these  lines,  leaving  to  other  countries 
the  raising  of  those  products  requiring  vast  numbers  of  cheap  laborers. 
(See  page  125.) 

American  Farm  Labor  Available. 

Even  during  the  last  three  years,  which  have  been  al)nonnal  as 
regards  shortage  of  labor  in  all  lines  of  work,  the  Valley  Fruit  Growei"s 
Association  of  Fresno,  with  a  membership  of  3000,  has  demonstrated 
beyond  question  that  sufficient  American  farm  labor  can  be  readily 
secured,  provided  comfortable  housing,  substantial  food,  properly 
served,  and  some  opportunity  for  recreation,  is  provided  upon  the 
farms. 

The  accompanying  letter  by  W.  Flanders  Setchel,  president  of  the 
Valley  Fruit  Growers  Association,  outlines  in  detail  how  their  plans 
were  first  started  as  an  experiment  and  finally  developed  into  an 
established  fact,  demonstrating  conclusively  the  possibility  of  securing 
satisfied  loyal  American  farm  labor  in  sufficient  numbers. 

W.    FLANDERS    SETCHEL 

Fkes.nu,  C'.xi.nuK.MA,  April  (i,  IKL'O. 
Mb.  Frank  L.  Latiirop. 

Farm  Expert.  State  lUxird  of  Control, 
Sacramento,  California. 

Deab  Mr.  Lathrop  :  Answering  your  recent  inquiry  as  to  my  pxpfrionco  as 
Tresident  of  the  Valley  Fruit  Growers  Association  of  Fresno  in  the  handling  of  the 
farm  labor  problems  of  the  Raisin  District,  and  its  bearing  upon  the  Japanese  land 
question  now  being  agitated  so  considerably. 

Ten  years  ago  the  California  farmer  had  no  labor  difficulties  so  far  as  quantity 
of  available  labor  was  concerned.  This  labor  consisted  very  larcrely  of  Japanese, 
Chinese  and  hoboes.  The  Japanese  laborer  was  plentiful  in  numbers,  as  was  the 
American  hobo.  The  Chinese,  whilst  still  fairly  numerous,  were  available  in  lessen- 
ing numbers.  Today,  legislative  exclusion  has  reduced  the  Chinese  coolie  to  an 
almost  disappearing  quantity,  whilst  opportunity  has  served  to  transform  the  able 
and  hard-working  Japanese  farm  laborers  into  pros])erous  farmers. 

It  is  my  conviction  that  the  Japanese  land  question  of  today  ha.s  arisen  out  of  the 
disappearance  from  California  farms  of  Asiatic  coolie  labor  and  is,  consequently, 
closely  linked  with  the  present  agitation  in  favor  of  an  importation  of  indentured 
Chinese  farm  laborers.  Whilst  desirous  of  avoiding  any  expression  of  opinion  as  to 
the  advisability  or  otherwise  of  permitting  Japanese  to  further  acquire  ownership 
of  lands  in  this  state,  it  must  be  conceded  by  all  that  wherever  Japanse  have  succeeded 
in  acquiring  ownership  of  land  they  have  proved  themselves  industrious  and  efficient 
farmers,  and  I  have  personal  knowledge  of  numerous  instances  where  tliey  are 
regarded  as  entirely  satisfactory  and  acceptable  neighbors  by  American  farmers 
living  on  adjacent  properties. 

The  Valley  Fruit  Growers  Association,  with  a  subscribing  farmer  membership  of 
over  3000,  has  been  actively  engaged  in  the  development  and  distribution  of  farm 
iabor  in  the  raisin  districts  since  the  spring  of  1017.  and  upon  it  has  fallen  the 
responsibility,  during  the  abnormal  farm  labor  shortage  of  the  la.'^t  three  seasons,  of 
handling  harvest  or  "stress"'  labor  re<|uirenients,  which  in  the  ratio  of  increase  over 
normal  has  probably  an  unique  position  among  the  farm  problems  of  this  state. 
When  for  the  first  time  confronted  with  a  realization  of  the  dimensions  of  its  prob- 
lem, this  association  made  the  mistake  that  numbers  of  farmers  in  other  parts  of  the 
state  are  making  today.     It  raised  its  voice  demanding  an  importation  of  coolie  labor 


r.AHoit.  107 

(0  do  that  which  was  falsely  describod  as  not  "white  man's  work,"  and  active  sfejiH 
were  taken  to  ascertain  the  feasibility  of  an  importation  of  contract  labor  \iiion 
the  theory  that  white  men  would  not  do  tiio  necessary  work.  When  the  contc'mplate<i 
inii)ortalion  of  labor  pioved  impossible,  the  association  was  cf)mi)elled  to  search 
amoiiRst  the  labor  resources  of  this  and  adjoining  slates  for  the  thousands  of  workers 
necessary  to  safely  harvest  the  great  and  valuable  crops  of  this  section.  The  experi- 
ence of  the  association  convincin},'ly  and  finally  demonstrated  that  even  within  the 
conliiies  of  this  state  tlieri;  were  resources  in  farm  labor  ready,  willing,  and  but 
awaiting  the  invitation  and  the  assurance  of  decent  living  conditions,  to  come  forth 
from  the  cities  to  i)rove  that,  given  i)ropor  housing  and  right  treatment,  there  ,'s  no 
farm  labor  requirement  in  this  slate  that  is  not  truly  "white  man's  work,"  and  for 
which  there  are  not  white  Americans  available  to  efliciently  and  economically  i)pr- 
I'orm.  As  a  result  of  jiractical  experience,  the  Valley  Fruit  (Jrowers  Association's 
work  has,  to  a  largo  degree,  been  resolved  inlo  a  concentration  ui)on  the  task  ot 
impro\iiig  the  housing  conditions  of  fai'm  workers,  and  of  securing  the  recognition 
by  the  farmers  of  the  fact  that  today  there  are  no  inferior  races  available  lo  perfonn 
coolio  labor  for  them,  but  instead,  there  are  people  ready  to  work  for  and  with 
them,  kindred  in  blood  and  potentially  far  better  factors  in  the  upbuilding  of  their 
communities,  of  their  prosperity  and  of  this  state.  In  my  opinion,  the  normal  and 
the  "stress"  farm  labor  problems  of  this  state  can  be  effectively  solved  by  the  general 
I'aising  of  the  standards  of  living  and  housing  upon  the  farms.  Today,  in  too  many 
instances  the  housing  provided  for  farm  help  would  be  scorned  by  an  up-to-date  hog 
raiser  as  unfit  for  his  hogs.  It  is  such  conditions  that  produced  the  typical  (Jali- 
fornia  hobo.  How  could  any  but  the  most  debased  of  American  humanity  be  induced 
to  regard  labor  under  such  conditions  as  "white  man's  work"?  Investigation  will 
show  that  wherever  jiroixM-  liou.sing  conditions  and  decent  treatment  are  assured  the 
workers,  there  is  no  farm  labor  problem. 

I  have  observed  that  a  number  of  influential  farmers  of  this  state  have  recently 
c.xi)ressed  themselves  as  favoring  an  importation  of  Chinese  under  contract,  for  the 
l)urposo  of  providing  a  counterpoise  to  the  recalcitrant  Japanese,  who  apparently 
lack  the  desired  docility  and  willingness  to  accept  such  conditions  as  these  farmers 
regard  as  good  enough  for  them.  I  do  not  believe  the  difliculties  of  the  California 
farmer  can  be  sohed  by  any  iinportation  of  any  kind  of  labor.  On  the  contrary, 
such  would  but  serve  to  debase  a  standard  already  abnormally  low,  primarily  because 
of  the  very  circumstances  which  it  is  now  desired  to  reproduce,  namely,  the  presence 
in  large  numbers  of  Asiatic  coolies.  These  same  farmers  would  be  quite  willing  to 
accept  Japanese  coolies,  jirovided  they  could  be  compelled  to  remain  coolies.  The 
demand  for  the  Chinaman  is  premised  upon  the  theory  that  he  will  remain  a  coolie, 
either  by  his  own  choice  or,  alternatively,  by  compulsion. 

Because  of  and  not  despite  the  high  wages  prevailing  during  the  past  two  years, 
the  farmers  of  California  have  realized  a  degree  of  prosperity  such  as  can  hardly 
lia\c  been  even  dreamed  of  previously.  As  a  consequence,  the  farmer  is  well  able 
financially  to  provide  such  accommodations  for  his  workers  as  will  make  them 
acceptable  to  human  beings  of  his  own  race.  The  day  has  dawned  for  the  California 
farmer  when  he  must  be  prepared  to  compete  with  the  industries  for  his  share  of 
the  labor  supply,  and  any  such  disturbance  of  labor  conditions  as  would  be  brought 
about  by  an  importation  of  cheap  labor  would,  by  its  inevitable  depression  of  wages 
in  general,  react  to  the  direct  disadvantage  of  the  California  fruit  grower,  by  its 
consequent  reduction  in  the  purchasing  power  of  the  masses  throughout  the  country. 

In  conclusion,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  methods  employed  by  some  of  those  agitating 
for  further  restriction  of  Japanese  land  occupation  are  such  as  are  liable  to  produce 
incidents  of  international  significance  and  of  highly  deplorable  effect.  The  issue  is 
above  all  one  for  calm  and  dispassionate  consideration,  but  some  phases  of  the 
agitation  savor  strongly  of  deliberate  incitement  of  racial  prejudice  and  even  of  mob 
\  iolence,  and  are  in  the  highest  degree  regrettable. 

Yours  very  truly, 

W.  Flanders  Setchel. 


108  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Letter  of  M.  P.  Shaughnessy, 

M.  P.  Shaughnessy  Warren   H.  Atherton 

Office  phone  873  Office  phone  873 

Home  phone  4 577- J 

SHAUGHNESSY   AND    ATHERTON 

Attorneys  at   Law 

511-14  Stockton  Savings  and   Loan  Society   Bank   Building 

Stockton,  ("ai.H'okma,  Fclirnary   lH.   I'.t'JO. 
State  Board  of  Control, 
Saoratvcnto,  California. 

(Attention  F.  L.  Lathrop.) 
Dear    Sir:  Ilrrpwith    you    will    find    information    asked    for    in    your    lottor    of 
February  3. 

Tho  number  of  Hindus  in  California  is  fa.st  decreasing.  About  five  hundred  of 
thorn  have  left  for  India  the  last  yoar.  A  rouj?li  estimation  of  (hoir  distribution  over 
this  state  is  given  below  : 

Sikhs    2,000  Imperial    Valley 300 

Mohammedans    500  Sacramento   County 500 

Hindus    UK)  Around    Willow.s 600 

San   Joaquin   County 300 

Total    2,600  Fresno  County 300 

Scattered 600 


Total 2,600 

These  men  move  around  a  great  deal  durins:  tho  year  f<>i-  the  reason  that  they 
contract  farm  work,  which  includes  cultivating,  pruning  grapes  or  fruit  trees,  plant- 
ing fruit  trees,  planting  and  harvesting  rice,  picking  grapes  and  fruit  and  doing  work 
on  a  large  scale  along  these  lines.  Therefore,  during  the  grape  picking  season  groat 
numbers  of  them  are  in  Fresno  County,  at  the  time  of  rice  harvesting  there  will  he 
about  a  thousand  of  them  near  Willow.s  ;  during  the  cotton  season  in  Imperial  Valley 
(this  lieing  when  the  weather  is  very  hot)  they  go  to  that  place  for  that  work. 
A  number  of  them  own  land  in  San  Joaquin  County  and  a  few  in  Contra  Costa 
County. 

A  number  of  them  also  go  to  the  University,  as  soon  as  they  acquire  enough  money 
to  pay  for  their  education,  and  they  are  studying  engineering,  agriculture  and  medi- 
cine, for  the  purpose  of  becoming  proficient  in  these  subjects  and  returning  to  their 
own  country,  where  there  is  a  great  opportunity  for  thom. 

You  are  familiar,  of  course,  with  the  fact  that  none  of  them  are  now  ix'rniitted 
to  enter  the  United  States;  and  none  of  them  have  been  permitted  to  bring  their 
wives  or  children  here  and  a  very  few  of  them  have  married  here.  I  do  not  think 
there  are  more  than  a  dozen  who  have  married  in  thi.s  country.  Some  of  them  have 
boon  admitted  to  citizenship  and  many  of  them  have  taken  out  their  first  papers. 

Trusting  the  above  information  is  of  some  assijstance  to  you,  and  trusting  that  you 
will  feel  free  to  ask  me  any  further  questions  for  the  purpose  of  securing  additional 
information,  I  am 

Very  truly  yours, 

M.   P.    SlIAUGHNK.SSY. 


JAPANESE  HOUSING. 

By  Edward  A.  Brown,  Chief  Sanitary  Engineer,  State  Commission 
of  Immigration  and   Housing. 

To  thoroughly  cover  the  housing  conditions  of  Japanese,  would  require  more  time 
than  the  brief  amount  given  in  the  telegraphic  request. 

Japanese  are  found  in  all  parts  of  California,  except  Humboldt  County.  They 
'-r  ia  the  cities,  towns  red  country  districts.  They  operate  large  labor  camps, 
packing-house  camps,  factories,  etc. 

This  short  report  will  deal  with  Japanese  in  labor  camjts,  both  as  employers  and 
emploj-ees,  and  such  facts  as  I  am  familiar  with  in  the  cities. 

At  different  times  we  have  had  requests  from  Japanese,  through  their  association, 
to  look  into  housing  conditions  where  Japanese  were  living.     Many  complaints  have 


LABOR.  109 

been  filed  in  the  Commission  offices  by  Americans  against  liousing  conditions  pro- 
vided by  Japanese  employers  of  American  labor.  Inspections  by  the  camp  in8i>«;ctor8 
always  proved  that  the  complaints  were  justified.  In  the  rice  growing  section  of 
California,  some  of  the  largest  labor  camps  are  operated  by  Japanese.  When  the 
camp  inspectors  ordered  improvements,  the  Japanese  operators  would  immediately 
make  the  necessary  changes.  One  very  noticeable  feature  in  a  Japanese  lalxjr  camp 
where  both  American  and  Japanese  laborers  are  employed,  is  that  the  quarters 
provided  for  Japanese  are  generally  better  than  those  provided  for  the  Americans. 

At  every  camp  where  Japanese  are  employed,  a  bath  is  provided.  (Japanese 
type.)  The  Japanese  are  very  clean  about  their  persons,  not  so  much  about  the 
living  quarters;  open  toilets,  open  drains  from  the  kitchen  sink,  unscreened  dining 
and  cocking  quarters,  and  living  quarters  generally  littered  with  boxes,  bags,  etc. 
Their  sleeping  (juarters  are,  as  a  rule,  a  platform  built  the  length  of  the  structure 
and  as  many  men  as  can  pile  on  to  the  platform.  The  camp  inspectors  have 
remedied  this  condition,  wherever  found,  by  separating  the  platform  into  spaces, 
and  allowing  for  a  certain  number  of  occupants.  Frequently  we  find  the  sleeping 
quarters  darkened  as  much  as  i>ossible,  by  boarding  over  the  windows  in  the  structure 
and  the  bunks  closed  in  by  boards  or  burlap,  a  small  opening  being  left  in  the  wall, 
which  has  a  sliding  board.  Camp  inspectors  order  the  removal  of  all  such  enclosures 
and  insist  that  light  and  fresh  air  be  permitted  into  the  sleeping  quarters. 

Our  experience  with  Japanese  labor  camp  operators  is  that  they  will  make  any 
improvements  necessary.  They  are  smart  and  realize  that  any  time  they  do  not 
promptly  do  as  told,  it  is  adding  to  the  agitation  now  being  carried  on  against  them. 
We  have  but  one  case  on  record  where  it  was  necessary  to  prosecute  a  Japanese 
jabor  camp  operator  to  get  the  camp  up  to  standard. 

In  California  there  are  hundreds  of  Japanese  fanners  who  do  not  come  within 
the  labor  camp  act,  living  in  shack  houses,  not  fit  for  human  habitation.  This  is  a 
phase  of  the  housing  situation  which  I  do  not  attempt  to  cover,  as  it  would  require 
a  careful  investigation.  But  until  that  is  done,  no  report  on  Japanese  housing  in 
California  will  be  complete. 

In  the  cities,  the  Japanese  select  some  district  to  live  in.  Frequently  it  is  a 
district  where  the  former  residents  have  been  outlawed.  From  the  first,  they  start 
to  move  into  the  better  parts  of  the  cities.  A  Japanese  quarter  in  any  city  of  Cali- 
fornia will  show  the  same  conditions — houses  crowded,  ill  smelling,  cluttered  up  with 
various  food  stuffs,  a  store  in  front  and  living  quarters  in  the  rear.  Near  Santa 
Monica,  in  Los  Angeles  County,  is  a  Japanese  fishing  village  which  I  had  occasion 
to  investigate.  Shack  houses,  each  a  fish  drying  place,  open  toilets,  open  sewers, 
and  a  stench  that  made  the  salt  air  from  the  ocean  negligible,  was  the  condition  that 
I  found.  I  merely  use  this  as  an  example  of  what  the  usual  conditions  are  where 
Japanese  live. 

HINDU  HOUSING. 

By  Edward  A.  Brown,  Chief  Sanitary  Engineer,  State  Commission 
of  Immigration  and  Housing. 

Hindus  in  California  are  generally  employed  in  agricultural  pursuits.  They  do 
not  take  to  commercial  life,  consequently  the  housing  problem,  when  we  deal  with 
Hindus,  is  a  rural  and  not  an  urban  condition.  Our  experience  in  labor  camp 
inspection  shows  that  Hindus  are  rapidly  leaving  the  employed  list  and  are  becoming 
employers.  Particularly  is  this  true  in  the  rice  growing  section  of  California,  in 
Yolo,  Colusa,  Glenn,  Butte,  Sutter  and  Yuba  counties,  also  in  the  cotton  district  in 
Imperial  County.  In  the  delta  section  of  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin  and  Contra 
Costa  counties,  numbers  of  Hindus  are  employed,  at  what  is  commonly  called  "squat 
labor."  In  Fresno,  Kings,  Madera  and  Tulare  counties,  we  find  Hindus  employed 
in  some  of  tiie  orchards  and  vineyard.s ;  also  in  the  sugar  beet  section  in  Yolo  County 
and  the  Salinas  Valley.  The  number  is  rapidly  growing  less,  for  the  change  from 
employed  to  employer  or  lessee  is  rapidly  placing  the  Hindu  in  the  position  of  "little 
land  lord."  The  Hindu  will  not  farm  poor  land.  He  wants  the  best  and  will  pay 
for  it.  Consequently  the  American  owner  who  can  get  a  big  rental  for  his  land 
desires  the  Hindu.     He  will  pay.  ' 

The  Hindu  standard  of  living  is  so  vastly  different  from  ours  that  it  is^difficult   ' 
to  present  it  properly.     Their  methods  of  preparing  food  and  serving  is  very  primi- 
tive.    Dishes,  pots  and  pans  are  unnecessary  in  the  life  of  a  Hindu.     Sanitary  con- 
v'nii'Miccs  are  unknown.     The  open  ground  is  their  dump  for  what  little  garbage  they 


110  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

have,  unscreened  kitchens  are  the  rule,  open  toilets  and  filthy  camp  grounds.  Their 
sleeping  quarters  are.  generally,  very  crowded,  except  where  some  religious  rule 
provides  privacy.  (Note  this  report  i.s  dealing  with  what  is  commonly  called  Hindus, 
not  Mohammedans.  Afghans  and  the  other  sects.)  Any  kind  of  a  shack  will  serve 
as  living  quarters  for  Hindus.  When  the  camp  inspectors  compel  Hindu  operators 
to  furnish  living  quarters  fit  for  human  habitation,  they  can  not  or  do  not  want  to 
understand.  They  believe  the  Hindu  standard  of  living  is  good  enough  for  their 
American  employees.  During  the  101!)  season  we  were  compelled  to  prosecute  eight 
Hindu  camp  oi>erators  for  violation  of  the  Camp  Sanitation  Act. 

We  have  had  but  one  case  on  record  where  Ilindus  complained  against  housing 
conditions,  while  our  records  show  numerous  complaints  by  Americans  employed  by 
Hindus  again.st  the  insanitary  camp  conditions. 

The  housing  conditions  where  Hindus  operate  labor  camps  or  where  they  live 
when  employed  by  operators  of  other  nationalities,  are  the  same  as  any  other  labor 
camp.  The  law  makes  no  exceptions  and  the  inspectors  demand  that  the  legal 
requirements  be  met. 

JAPANESE  AND  HINDU  HOUSING. 

By  Four  District  Representatives  of  State  Commission  of  Immigration 

and  Housing. 
Antone  Scar — Camp  Inspector. 

Regarding  Mr.  Lubin's  request  concerning  housing  conditions,  Japanese  and 
Hindus,  the  only  information  I  could  give  would  be  on  conditions  I  found  in  Sacra- 
mento Valley  in  rice  fields.  In  Glenn.  Butte  and  Colusa  counties  there  are  a  large 
number  of  Ilindus  and  Japs.  Most  of  these  live  in  camps  all  year  round.  Ilindus* 
houses  are  rather  filthy.  Japs  arc  much  cleaner,  but  their  houses  are  generally 
overcrowded,  and  poorly  ventilated.  There  are  no  Hindus  nor  Japs  in  this  vicinity 
(Fort  Bragg). 

IClmeb  J.  Walther — Sacramento  Representative. 

In  Sacramento  the  Japanese  section  is,  of  course,  confined  to  more  or  less  definite 
boundaries.  Living  quarters  are  at  a  premium  at  the  present  time  due  principally  to 
the  scarcity  of  houses  in  cities  in  general.  There  are  probably  twenty-five  Japanese 
hotels,  boarding  houses  and  lodging  houses,  only  fifteen  of  which  could  be  counted 
as  of  much  consequence,  the  other  ten  housing  only  three  or  four  or  half  a  dozen 
extra  people.  There  are  between  2300  and  3000  Japanese  in  Sacramento  city 
permanently  and  probably  from  600  to  1000  transients.  However,  due  to  the  good 
weather  at  present  the  number  of  Japanese  in  the  city  is  down  to  minimum,  they 
being  out  on  the  farms.  The  Japanese  hotels  and  boarding  houses  in  Sacramento 
are  for  the  most  part  poor.  They  are  old  buildings,  usually  without  heat  in  the 
rooms  and  occasionally  with  no  bathroom  in  the  building.  There  usually  is  a  toilet 
to  each  floor.  There  are  poor  accommodations  for  visiting  Japanese,  there  being  no 
lirst-class  hotel. 

In  the  rural  districts  conditions  are  crowded,  but  they  at  least  have  bathing 
facilities  which  the  Japanese  use  almost  daily  when  they  have  the  opportunity. 
In  the  rice  growing  districts  I  notice  that  the  Japanese  provide  good  accommodations 
for  their  own  people,  putting  up  more  or  less  permanent  houses  with  bathing  facili- 
ties, etc.  In  the  fruit  growing  districts  along  the  Sacramento  River  and  elsewhere, 
as  well  as  the  vegetable  growing  districts  on  the  islands,  conditions  are  not  so  good. 
Thej-  usually  have  some  old  cabin  or  cabins  which  have  been  on  the  place  for  years 
aud  which  are  very  often  in  a  filthy  condition.  The  Japanese  farmer  usually  feeds 
his  help  at  his  own  table  and  during  the  busy  season  their  eating  quarters  are 
exceedingly  crowded.  As  the  Secretary  of  the  Japanese  Association  of  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley  put  it,  "On  account  of  short  leases  the  Japanese  are  able  to  obtain 
Ihey  do  not  feel  justified  in  putting  up  good  accommodations.  It  is  true  the  tenants 
eat  good,  wear  good  clothes  and  wear  diamonds,  but  do  not  build  good  houses." 

What  has  been  said  of  Sacramento  might  also  be  said  of  Stockton  with  the 
exception,  probably,  that  in  Stockton  there  are  two  or  three  good  Japanese  boarding 
houses.  One  Japanese  attributed  the  crowded  conditions  to  the  fact  that  people  are 
very  reluctant  to  lease  residence  property  to  Japanese. 

The  living  conditions  in  the  rural  districts  in  the  vicinity  of  Stockton  and  Lodi, 
where  there  are  a  great  many  Japanese,  are  none  too  good.     They  are  crowded  to 


LABOR.  1 1  1 

euy  the  least.  Tlio  (iiinrtcrs  of  tlio  Japanese  in  the  farming  districts,  with  the 
exception  of  the  lico  districls,  scoiii  lo  ho  of  a  more  or  less  makeshift  nature.  They 
cither  adapt  (hoiiiselves  lo  wiiatcvcr  old  shacks  may  be  on  the  place  or  build  small 
cabins,  no  lar^'cr  than  is  absolulely  necessary. 

The  Hindu  housing  situation  in  Sacramento  i.s  practically  ncKligible.  There  are 
a  few  Hindus  here.  I  think  about  a  hundred  or  so  would  cover  it.  There  are  only 
two  or  three  rooming  houses  in  town  and  at  the  present  season  most  of  the  occupants 
of  these  places  are  out  on  the  farms  or  working  in  section  gangs  on  the  railroads. 

In  Stockton  there  are  more  Hindus  and  their  quarters  are  crowded.  My  exiKTi- 
enco  has  been  that  in  cities  the  Hindus  usually  patronize  Japanese  rooming  houses 
and  restaurants. 

On  tlie  farms,  especially  in  the  rice  districts,  the  Hindu  tenant  picks  out  the  best 
quarters  for  himself  and  hi.s  own  race  and  the  white  help  and  others  take  what  is 
left.  They,  as  well  as  the  Jap>anese,  are  very  particular  about  their  baths  and  there 
is  usually  a  Hindu  style  bath  house  provided. 

Mks.  a.  S.  Calhoun — Los  Aiif/clcs  IlcprcKcntalivc. 

Answering  your  telegram  of  the  twenty-fourth  instant  regarding  housing  condi- 
tions of  Japanese  and  Hindu.s  in  cities  and  rural  districts,  I  do  not  know  any  Hindus 
here  in  the  city  and  the  city  housing  department  informs  mo  that  there  is  no  colony 
of  these  people  here.  I  know  that  there  are  some  in  the  agricultural  sections, 
however,  and  Mr.  Brown  will  write  you  about  them. 

The  Japanese  in  Ix)s  Angeles  are  well  housed  and  my  reports  say  that  they 
respond  quickly  to  orders  or  suggei;tions  from  the  authorities  as  to  improvements  or 
changes  in  their  houses.  Indeed,  they  are  often  more  satisfactory  in  this  regard 
than  the  lower  class  of  Americans. 

The  Ja|)anese  have  developed  two  business  and  residence  neighborhoods  in  the 
city  and  property  has  increased  in  those  sections.  Mr.  lirown  will  also  take  up  the 
(lUi'stion  of  Japanese  housing  in  the  rural  district. 

Abtiiuis  Tj.  Johnson — Director  Fresno  Office. 

In  reply  lo  your  telegram  of  this  morning  will  state  that  no  investigation  of  Hindu 
or  Japanese  housing  conditions  has  been  made  from  either  the  Fresno  or  Bakersfield 
offices  since  I  took  charge  on  November  1.  The  only  Hindu  camps  I  insi>ected  are 
the  camps  of  Mr.  Keiser  near  Sanger  and  of  Mr.  Pratt  (Mr.  Foster,  Superin- 
tendent) near  Clovis.  See  San  Francisco  records  for  reports  and  complaints  on 
these  camps. 

For  report  on  Japanese  housing  in  Fresno  see  page  9  of  our  "Ileport  on  Fresno's 
Immigration  Problem,"  prepared  by  Miss  Richardson. 

Interviewed  Thomas  Dupes,  city  housing  inspector,  and  Dr.  J.  P.  Cuneo,  city 
health  officer  at  Bakersfield,  today  and  they  both  state  that  the  Japanese  and  Hindus 
have  caused  little  trouble  in  Bakersfield  as  far  as  housing  and  health  are  concerned. 
Dr.  Cuneo  states  that  there  are  no  more  than  eight  or  ten  families  in  Bakersfield  and 
that  they  live  in  fairly  respectable  houses.  As  to  Hindus  he  states  that  there  are 
none  here  except  those  who  may  pass  through  on  their  way  to  another  town. 
Bakersfield  being  a  strong  labor  union  town  does  not  attract  this  class  of  laborers 
both  Dr.  Cuneo  and  Mr.  Dupes  assert. 

I  :un  sorry  that  this  is  all  of  the  information  I  am  able  to  furnish  you  at  present. 

WORKING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 

Report  of  II.  F.  Bauton,  Special  Census  Enumerator. 

Imperiai,,  California,  April  13,  1920. 
To  the  Hon.  Stanley  Brown, 
El  Centro,  Calif. 
My  Dear  Mr.   Brown  :   I   will   have   to  beg  your  paidon   for   the   long  delay   in 
writing   you,   as   1    have  been   sick    and   had    to   have   the   doctor,   hence   the   delay. 
Howe\cr,  I  am  feeling  quite  myself  again. 

While  taking  the  Asiatic  census,  I  discovered  several  features  of  conditions  of 
which  I  was  unaware,  and  which  I  think  may  be  of  some  value  to  you  in  work  on 
the  Jap  question. 

First  I  find  the  Japs  and  Hindus  are  mostly  proprietors  controlling  far  more 
land  than  they  themselves  can  work,  they  hire  the  white  man  to  plow  and  disc  their 
land;  then  they  hire  Mexicans  to  work  for  them  in  their  crops,  thereby  the  Jap  is 
proprietor  and  boss  and  not  the  real  laborer. 


112  CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

The  Randolph  Marketing  Company  have  a  Jap  foreman  on  Ranch  No.  1  ana 
employ  Jap  laborers  mostly  on  this  ranch.  American.s  are  buying  land  and  leasing 
to  Jai>s  even  before  they  get  possession,  making  the  Jap  lease  to  commence  as  late 
as  July  15,  1920.  Americans  are  procuring  leases  from  nonresidents  and  subletting 
to  Japs,  also  a  great  many  nonresidents  are  leasing  to  Japs  through  realty  agencies. 
Resident  owners  are  leasing  to  Japs  and  living  on  their  land  for  the  purpose  of 
watching  the  Jap  to  make  him  live  up  to  his  contract ;  these  are  leasing  mostly  for 
crop  rent.  The  excuse  mostly  given  by  owners  for  leasing  to  Japs  is  the  place  has 
gone  to  Bermuda  grass ;  the  Jap  will  kill  it  out,  the  white  man  won't. 

I  found  two  Japs  owning  80  acres  each  in  minor's  names,  one  of  them  a  baby 
girl  three  months  old.  I  find  the  Jap  women  either  mothers  or  soon  will  be  ;  the 
men  are  so  proud  of  the  fact  they  will  tell  you  just  when  the  child  will  be  born. 
Japs  would  like  to  be  like  Americans  if  conditions  would  permit.  Their  children  of 
school  age  are  attending  school  instead  of  working  on  the  ranch.  I  found  one  Jap 
married  woman  attending  the  La  Verne  School  and  her  teacher,  Mrs.  White,  tells 
me  she  is  a  very  bright  pupil.  Before  the  age  of  21  years  Jap  men  are  leaving 
Japan  (that  is  running  away)  to  avoid  service  in  army  and  navy;  in  such  cases 
they  dare  not  return  to  Japan  until  after  the  age  of  32  years. 

Japs  who  have  been  here  only  a  short  time  are  very  reticent  while  most  of  those 
who  have  been  here  a  number  of  years  are  very  free  to  talk.  Of  course  there  are 
exceptions.  I  gather  from  my  conversation  with  them  that  those  who  are  imported 
through  their  association  are  slaves  for  at  least  a  time,  also  a  Jap  who  makes  good 
as  a  businessman  can  get  all  the  assistance  from  the  association  he  wants.  Those 
who  are  failure  are  deported,  but  I  did  not  learn  where  to. 

I  met  a  number  of  well  educated  Japs  and  well  posted  especially  on  current  events 
and  United  States  history.  One  in  particular  receives  regularly  five  papers,  two  in 
Japanese  language  and  three  in  the  English  ;  he  is  well  read,  shrewd,  and  speaks  fair 
English  ;  free  and  willing  talker  but  rather  cautious. 

The  foregoing  notations  are  what  I  have  gathered  from  my  conversations  with 
the  Japs,  whites  and  Hindus.  I  often  had  to  submit  to  quite  an  interrogation  myself 
and  answer  a  number  of  questions  and  make  explanations  before  Mr.  Jap  would 
answer  my  questions. 

If  I  may  be  so  bold,  I  would  like  to  offer  a  few  suggestions.  First  I  would  say 
the  boycott  will  never  amount  to  anything  more  than  anti-Jap  propaganda. 

The  state  should  prohibit  aliens  from  acting  as  guardians,  trustees  or  agents  of 
minors  born  in  this  country  of  alien  parents.  The  state  should  prohibit  any  alien 
from  becoming  (or  one  who  is  at  the  present  time,  remaining)  a  member  or  stock- 
holder or  in  any  other  way  being  connected  with  any  association,  stock  company  or 
corporation,  incorporated,  chartered  or  licensed  to  do  business  in  the  state. 

The  State  of  California  in  connection  with  the  other  Pacific  Coast  states  should 
produce  evidence  (of  which  there  is  plenty)  sufficient  to  bring  pressure  to  bear  on 
the  United  States  government  to  wake  up  to  the  alien  menace  existing  here  at  the 
present  time.     When  I  say  alien  I  mean  it  in  a  universal  way. 

My  dear  Brown,  here  it  is  ;   use  it  as  you  see  fit — privately,  publicly,  or  chuck 
it  in  the  waste  basket  name  and  all. 
Respectfully  submitted. 

H.  F.  Barton, 
Special  Census  Enumerator,  State  Board  of  Control. 


LABOR.  113 

THE  JAPANESE  ASSOCIATION  OF  AMERICA, 
No.  444  Bush  Street,  San  Francisco,  California, 

AGREEMENT   AND   BY-LAWS   OF  JAPANESE  ASSOCIATION 

OF  AMERICA. 

Section  1..     General    Rules. 

Aktici.e  1. 
Tlie  naiiio  of  this  association  shall  be  the  Japanese  Association  of  Amerifn. 

Article  2. 
The  object  of  this  association  shall  be  to  build  up  the  character  of  every  Japanese 
lesiding  in  the  United  States  of  America,  to  protect  their  rights  and  privilege.s,  to 
l)romote  their  welfare  ;  and  bring  about  a  closer  friendship  between  peoples  of  Japan 
and  peoples  of  (he  United  States  of  America. 

Article  3. 

This  aKSOciation  is  organized  by  the  local  Japanese  association  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  .laiiane.se  Cousulate-tJeneral  of  San  Francisco. 

llequirenient  and  qualification  of  alHliation  between  this  association  and  each  local 
Japanese  association  shall  be  decided  by  the  Executive  Council. 

Article  4. 
The  office  of  the  association  shall  be  in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco, 
State  of  California. 

Section  2.     Officers  and   Business  Staffs. 

Article  5. 

The  oflScers  of  the  at^sociation  shall  consist  of  a  president,  a  vice-president,  four 
committees  on  finance,  seven  committees  on  management  and  fifteen  members  of  the 
executive  council. 

The  officers  of  this  association  shall  not  recieive  any  compensation. 

Article  G. 

The  members  of  the  executive  council  shall  elect  a  president,  a  vice-president,  and 
committees  on  management  among  members  of  each  local  Japanese  association 
affiliating  this  association. 

The  committee  on  finance  shall  be  selected  by  the  president. 

The  member  of  the  executive  council  shall  be  elected  by  open  ballot  of  each 
delegate  at  the  regular  convention  of  delegates  in  the  following  proportion,  among 
the  members  of  the  local  members  of  the  local  Japanese  association  in  a  district. 

Two  members  from  the  fir.st  district,  including  Fresno,  Tulare  County,  Kings 
County,  and  Kern  County.  One  member  from  the  second  district,  including  Watson- 
ville,  San  Jose,  Salinas,  Monterey,  Palo  Alto,  San  Mateo  and  Santa  Cruz.  Six 
members  from  the  third  district,  including  San  Francisco,  Napa  and  Sonoma 
counties.  Two  members  from  the  fourth  district  including  Oakland,  Berkeley, 
Alameda  County,  and  Contra  Costa  County. 

Three  members  from  fifth  district,  including  Stockton,  Lodi  and  Acampo. 

Total :  15  members  of  the  executive  council. 

Article  7, 

Term  of  office  for  officers  shall  be  one  year  and  officers  may  be  reelected  for 
another  term. 

In  case  of  any  vacancy  among  the  committees  on  management,  the  executive 
council  is  authorized  to  fill  the  vacancy  for  the  unexpired  terms. 

Article  8. 

The  president  shall  preside  the  meetings  of  committee  on  management  and  the 
executive  council ;  supervise  each  and  every  affairs  of  the  association  and  represent 
the  association  in  general. 

The  vice-president  shall  assist  the  president  and  substitute  him  in  case  of  his 
absence. 

The  committees  on  management  shall  compose  a  board  and  transact  any  business 
within  its  authority. 

8—4460 


114  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Article  9. 
The  mcmbors  of  council  sliall  coinpcsc  tlio  cxocutive  coimcil  and  elect  a  presidont, 
a  vice-president,  and  committees  ou   management  and  conduct   the  general  business 
of  the  association  according  to  the  resolutions  of  the  convention  of  delegates. 

Abtici-e  10. 

The  meeting  of  committee  on  managomrnt  shall  bo  held  once  every  month. 

The  special  meeting  of  the  said  board  may  be  called  by  the  president  whenever 
he  may  deem  it  proper  for  any  emergent  business,  or  at  the  request  of  more  than 
one-third  of  the  members  of  committee. 

The  meeting  of  executive  council  shall  be  held  in  January,  April,  July  and 
October. 

Article  11. 

The  business  staffs  of  llie  association  shall  be  a  general  secretary,  secretaries  and 
clerks  and  they  shall  be  so  appointed  by  the  president  in  consent  with  the  manage- 
ment board. 

Article  12. 

The  general  .secretary  shall  execute  the  general  business  of  the  association  under 
the  sui)ervision  of  the  president. 

Secretaries  and  clerks  shall  attend  the  business  in  charge  under  instruction  of  the 
general  secretary. 

Section  3.     Delegate   Convention. 

Article  13. 
The  delegates  of  each  aflSliatiou  Japanese  association  shall  consist  the  convention 
of  delegates,  according  to  the  following  proportion  : 

Japanese  Association  of  San  Francisco 6 

Japanese  Association  of  Sacramento   Valley 3 

Japanese  Association    of    Fresno 3 

Japanese  Association   of   Stockton 2 

Japanese  Association   of   Oakland 2 

Other  each  affiliating  association 1 

In  case  of  a  newly  affiliation  association  whose  delegate  member  on  (he  first  year 
shall  be  decided  by  the  executive  council  and  the  case  shall  be  submitted  to  the  next 
regular  convention  of  the  delegates  for  its  ratification. 

Article  14. 
Special  convention  of  delegates  may  be  called  by  the  president  whenever  he  may 
deem  it  proper,  or  at  the  request  of  more  than  five  affiliating  associations. 

Article  15. 
In  the  regular  convention  of  delegates  the  important  business  of  the  association 
shall  be  considered  and  acted  upon,  the  budget   of  income  and  expenditure  for  the 
corresponding   year   shall   be   considered    and   appropriated    and    reports   of   general 
affairs  and  finance  shall  be  audited. 

Article  10. 

A  majority  of  the  total  delegates  at  any  convention  shall  constitute  a  riuorum  to 
do  business. 

Validity  of  resolutions  or  passage  of  business  in  the  convention  shall  be  done  by 
a  majority  vote  of  the  attending  delegates. 

The  certificate  fees,  contribution  and  5  per  cent  tax  on  membership  fee  of  each 
local  Association  shall  be  income  resources  to  meet  the  general  expenditure  of 
association. 

Article  17. 
The  income  and  expenditure  of  the  association  shall  be  settled  in  a  yearly  budget. 

Section  5.     By-Laws. 

The  articles  of  this  agreement  may  be  altered  or  amended  by  two-thirds  vote  of 
the  delegates  assembled  in  any  convention. 

Executive  council  may  provide  by-laws  according  to  this  agreement. 


LABOR.  115 

TREATY  OF  COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  WITH  JAPAN. 

February  21,  1911. 

Treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation  between  the  United  States  and 
Japan,  at  Wa,sliin<i:ton,  February  21,  1911;  ratification  advised  by  the 
Senate,  witJi  aniciKlineiit,  February  24,  1911 ;  ratified  by  the  Pn^sidcnt, 
AFarcb  2,  1!>]1;  ratified  l)y  Japan,  March  Ml,  1911;  ratifications 
cxclian^cd  at  Tokyo,  April  4,  1911;  i)ro('laiiricd,  April  5,  1911. 

BY    THE    PRESIDENT    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES    OF    AMERICA: 
A   PROCLAMATION. 

(  "OMMKKCI-;    AND    N.WKiATION    WI'I'II    JaI'AN.       PREAMBLE. 

Whereas,  a  Treaty  of  Connnerce  and  Navigation  between  the  United 
States  of  America  and  the  Empire  of  Japan,  was  concluded  and  signed 
by  their  respective  plenii)ot(>ntiaries  at  Washington  on  the  twenty- 
first  day  of  Februaiy,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eleven,  the 
original  of  which  Treaty,  being  in  the  English  language  is,  as  amended 
by  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  word  for  word  as  follows : 

Coninicting  powers. 

'V\\e  President  of  the  United  States  of  Amei-ica  and  His  Majesty 
the  lOmperor  of  Japan,  being  desirous  to  strengthen  the  relations  of 
amity  and  good  understanding  which  happily  exist  between  the  two 
nations,  and  believing  that  the  fixation  in  a  manner  clear  and  positive 
of  tlie  rules  which  are  hereafter  to  govern  the  commercial  intercourse 
between  their  respective  countries  will  contribute  to  the  realization  of 
this  most  desirable  result,  have  resolved  to  conclude  a  Treaty  of 
Commerce,  and  Navigation  for  that  purpose,  and  to  that  end  have 
named  their  I'lenipotentiaries,  that  is  to  say : 

I'Uniiputctitiarics. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  Philander  C.  Knox, 
Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States;  and  His  Majesty  the  Emperor 
or  Japan,  Baron  Yasuya  Uchida,  Jusammi,  Grand  Cordon  of  the 
Imperial  Order  of  the  Kising  Sun,  Tlis  Majesty's  Ambassador  Extra- 
ordinary and  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States  of  America;  who, 
after  having  connnunicat(^d  to  each  other  their  respective  full  powers, 
found  to  be  in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following 
articles : 

Article  I. 

liif/Jtts  of  doinivilc,   tr<id(,   etc. 

The  citizens  or  sul)jects  of  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  shall 
have  liberty  to  enter,  travel  and  reside  in  the  territories  of  the  other 
to  carry  on  trade,  wholesale  and  retail,  to  own  or  lease  and  occupy 
houses,  manufactories,  warehouses  and  shops,  to  employ  agents  of 
their  choice,  to  lease  land  for  residential  and  commercial  purposes, 
and  generally  to  do  anything  incident  to  or  necessary  for  trade  upon 
the  same  terms  as  native  citizens  or  subjects,  submitting  themselves 
to  the  laws  and  regulations  there  established. 


116  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Equality  of  taxes,  etc. 

They  shall  not  be  compelled,  under  any  pretext  whatever,  to  pay 
any  charges  or  taxes  other  or  hi<rlier  than  those  that  are  or  may  be 
paid  by  native  citizens  or  subjects. 

Protection  of  persona  and  property. 

The  citizens  or  subjects  of  each  of  the  hij^h  contracting  parties  shall 
receive,  in  the  territories  of  the  other,  the  most  constant  protection 
and  security  for  their  persons  and  property,  and  shall  enjoy  in  this 
respect  the  same  rights  and  privileges  as  are  or  may  be  granted  to 
native  citizens  or  subjects,  on  their  submitting  themselves  to  the  con- 
ditions imposed  upon  the  native  citizens  or  subjects. 

Exemption  from  military  service,  etc. 

They  shall,  however,  be  exempt  in  the  territories  of  the  other  from 
compulsory  military  service  either  on  land  or  sea,  in  the  regular  forces. 
or  in  the  national  guard,  or  in  the  militia ;  from  all  contributions 
imposed  in  lieu  of  personal  service,  and  from  all  forced  loans  or 
military  exactions  or  contributions. 

Article  II. 
Dwellings,  etc.,  to  he  respected. 

The  dwellings,  warehouses,  manufactories  and  shops  of  the  citizens 
or  subjects  of  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  in  the  territories 
of  the  other,  and  all  premises  appertaining  thereto  used  for  purposes 
of  residence  or  commerce,  shall  be  respected.  It  shall  not  be  allowable 
to  proceed  to  make  a  domiciliary  visit  to,  or  a  search  of,  any  such 
buildings  and  premises,  or  to  examine  or  inspect  books,  papers  or 
accounts,  except  under  the  conditions  and  with  the  forms  prescribed 
by  the  laws,  ordinances  and  regulations  for  nationals. 

Article  III. 
Consular  officers  recognized. 

Each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  may  appoint  consuls  general, 
consuls,  vice  consuls,  deputy  consuls  and  consular  agents  in  all 
ports,  cities  and  places  of  the  other,  except  in  those  where  it  may 
not  be  convenient  to  recognize  such  officers.  This  exception,  however, 
shall  not  be  made  in  regard  to  one  of  the  contracting  parties  without 
being  made  likewise  in  regard  to  all  other  powers. 

Exequaturs. 

Such  consuls  general,  consuls,  vice  consuls,  deputy  consuls  and 
consular  agents,  having  received  exequaturs  or  other  sufficient  author- 
izations from  the  government  of  the  country  to  which  they  are 
appointed,  shall,  on  condition  of  reciprocity,  have  the  right  to  exercise 
the  functions  and  to  enjoy  the  exemptions  and  immunities  which  are 
or  may  hereafter  be  granted  to  the  consular  officers  of  the  same  rank 
of  the  most  favored  nation.  The  government  issuing  exequaturs  or 
other  authorizations  may  in  its  discretion  cancel  the  same  on  communi- 
cating the  reasons  for  which  it  thought  proper  to  do  so. 


LABOR.  1  1  7 

Ahtici>e  IV. 
Freedom  of  commerce  a)id  vavigatiov. 

There  sliall  be  between  tlie  territories  of  the  two  high  eoutracting 
parties  reciprocal  freedom  of  eommerce  and  navigation.  The  citizens 
or  subjects  of  eacli  of  the  contracting  parties,  equally  with  the  citizens 
or  subjects  of  the  most  favored  nation,  shall  have  liberty  freely  to 
come  M'ith  their  shi[)s  and  cargoes  to  all  places,  ports  and  rivers  in 
the  territories  of  the  other  which  are  or  may  be  opened  to  foreign 
commerce,  subject  always  to  the  laws  of  the  country  to  which  they 
thus  come. 

Article  V, 
Regulation  of  import  duties. 

The  import  duties  on  articles,  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the 
territories  of  one  of  the  high  contracting  parties,  upon  importation 
into  the  territories  of  the  other,  shall  henceforth  be  regulated  either 
by  treaty  between  the  two  countries  or  by  the  internal  legislation  of 
each. 

Equality  of  export  duties,  etc. 

Neither  contracting  party  shall  impose  any  other  or  higher  duties 
or  charges  on  the  exportation  of  any  article  to  the  territories  of  the 
other  than  are  or  may  be  payable  on  the  exportation  of  the  like 
article  to  any  other  foreign  country. 

Equality  of  prohihitions. 

Nor  shall  any  prohibition  be  imposed  by  either  country  on  the 
importation  or  exportation  of  any  article  from  or  to  the  territories 
of  the  other  which  shall  not  equally  extend  to  the  like  article  imported 
from  or  exported  to  any  other  country.  The  last  provision  is  not, 
however,  applicable  to  prohibitions  or  restrictions  maintained  or 
imposed  as  sanitary  measures  or  for  purposes  of  protecting  animals 
and  useful  plants. 

Article  VI. 
Excmpiion  from,  transit  duties,  etc. 

The  citizens  or  subjects  of  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  shall 
enjoy  in  the  territories  of  the  other  exemption  from  all  transit  duties 
and  a  perfect  equality  of  treatment  with  native  citizens  or  subjects 
in  all  that  relates  to  warehousing,  bounties,  facilities  and  drawbacks. 

Article  VII. 
Rights  of  limited  liability  companies,  etc. 

Limited  liability  and  other  companies  and  associations,  commercial, 
industrial,  and  financial,  already  or  hereafter  to  be  organized  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  of  either  high  contracting  party  and  domi- 
ciled in  the  territories  of  such  party,  are  authorized,  in  the  territories 
of  the  other,  to  exercise  their  rights  and  appear  in  the  courts  either 
as  plaintiifs  or  defendants,  subject  to  the  laws  of  such  other  party. 


118  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

The  foregoing  stipulation  has  no  bearing  upon  the  question  whether 
a  company  or  association  organized  in  one  of  the  two  countries  will 
or  will  not  be  permitted  to  transact  its  business  or  industry  in  the 
other,  this  permission  remaining  always  subject  to  the  laws  and  regula- 
tions enacted  or  established  in  tiie  respective  countries  or  in  any 
part  thereof. 

Article  VIII. 
Equality  of  imports. 

All  articles  which  are  or  may  be  legally  imported  into  the  ports 
of  either  high  contracting  party  from  foreign  countries  in  national 
vessels  may  likewise  be  imported  into  those  ports  in  vessels  of  the 
other  contracting  party,  without  being  liable  to  any  other  or  higher 
duties  or  charges  of  whatever  denomination  than  if  such  articles  were 
imported  in  national  vessels.  Such  reciprocal  equality  of  treatment 
shall  take  effect  without  distinction,  whether  such  articles  come  directly 
from  the  place  of  origin  or  from  any  other  foreign  place. 

Equality  of  exports. 

In  the  same  manner,  there  shall  be  perfect  equality  of  treatment 
in  regard  to  exportation,  so  that  the  same  export  duties  shall  be  paid, 
and  the  same  bounties  and  drawbacks  allowed,  in  the  territories  of 
each  of  the  contracting  parties  on  the  exportation  of  any  article 
which  is  or  may  be  legally  exported  therefrom,  whether  such  exporta- 
tion shall  take  place  in  vessels  of  the  United  States  or  in  Japanese 
vessels,  and  whatever  may  be  the  place  of  destination,  whether  a  port 
of  the  other  party  or  of  any  third  power. 

Article  IX. 
Port  privileges  to  he  reciprocal. 

In  all  that  regards  the  stationing,  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels 
in  the  ports  of  the  territories  of  the  high  contracting  parties,  no 
privileges  shall  be  granted  by  either  party  to  national  vessels  which 
are  not  equally,  in  like  cases,  granted  to  the  vessels  of  the  other 
country;  the  intention  of  the  contracting  parties  being  that  in  these 
respects  the  respective  vessels  shall  be  treated  on  the  footing  of  perfect 
equality. 

Article  X. 
Nationality  of  vessels. 

Merchant  vessels  navigating  under  the  tlag  of  the  United  States  or 
that  of  Japan  and  carrying  the  papers  required  by  their  national  laws 
to  prove  their  nationality  shall  in  Japan  and  in  the  United  States  be 
deemed  to  be  vessels  of  the  United  States  or  of  Japan,  respectively. 

Article  XI. 
Equality  of  port  dues,  etc. 

No  duties  of  tonnage,  harbor,  pilotage,  lighthouse,  quarantine,  or 
other  similar  or  corresponding  duties  of  whatever  denomination,  levied 
in  the  name  or  for  the  profit  of  government,  public  functionaries, 
private  individuals,  corporations  or  establishments  of  any  kind  shall 


LABOR.  119 

he  iiiiposed  in  the  ports  of  tlic  tcrrilorics  of  citlicc  couiiti'y  upon  tlie 
vessels  of  tlio  other,  vvh'cli  shall  Jiot  ecpially,  under  the  same  eonditions, 
be  imposed  on  national  vessels  in  <,'en('r'al,  or  on  vessels  of  the  most 
favored  nation.  Such  ecpiality  of  treatment  shall  apply  reeiproeally 
to  the  respeetive  vessels  from  whatever  plaec  they  nuiy  arrive  and 
whatever  may  l)e  their  place  of  destination. 

Article  XI  I. 

Privilege  to  vessels  in  postal  service. 

Vessels  charged  with  performance  of  regular  scheduled  postal 
service  of  one  of  the  hi^li  contracting  parties,  whether  belonging  to 
the  state  or  subsidized  by  it  for  the  purpose,  sluill  enjoy,  in  the  ports 
of  the  territories  of  the  other,  the  same  facilities,  privileges  and 
immunities  as  are  granted  to  like  vessels  of  the  most  favored  nation. 

Article  XIII. 
Coast  I II  (/  trade  exception. 

'i'lie  coasting  trade  of  the  high  contracting  parties  is  excepted  from 
the  provisions  of  the  present  Treaty  and  shall  be  regulated  according 
to  the  laws  of  the  United  States  and  Japan,  respectively.  It  is,  how- 
ever, understood  that  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  either  contracting 
party  shall  enjoy  in  this  respect  most-favored-nation  treatment  in  the 
territories  of  the  other. 

Discharging  at  different  ports. 

A  vessel  of  one  of  the  contracting  parties,  laden  in  a  foreign  country 
with  cargo  destined  for  two  or  more  ports  of  entry  in  the  territories 
of  the  other,  may  discharge  a  portion  of  her  cargo  at  one  of  the  said 
l)orts,  and,  continuing  her  voyage  to  the  other  port  or  ports  of 
destination,  there  discharge  the  remainder  of  her  cargo,  subject 
always  to  the  laws,  tariffs  and  customs  regulations  of  the  country  of 
destination;  and,  in  like  manner  and  under  the  same  reservation,  the 
vessels  of  on(>  of  the  contracting  ])arties  shall  be  permitted  to  load 
at  s(>vera]   ports  of  the  other   for  the  same  outward  voyages. 

AirricLE  XLV. 
E.rii  itsioii  (if  fartin  d-iKilinii  priviltgis  of  coininercc  and  navigation. 

K.\eei)t  as  otherwise  expressly  provided  in  this  Treaty,  the  high 
rontracting  parties  agree  that,  in  all  that  concerns  commerce  and 
navigation,  any  pi'ivilege,  favor  or  immunity  which  either  contracting 
party  has  ai-tually  granted,  or  may  hereafter  grant,  to  the  citizens 
oi-  subjects  of  any  oTlier  state  shall  be  extended  to  the  citizens  or 
subjects  of  the  other  contracting  party  gratuitously,  if  the  concession 
in  favor  of  that  other  state  shall  have  been  gratuitous,  and  on  the 
same  oi'  t'(|uiva]('Ut  ronditious.  if  the  concession  shall  have  been 
<  itiulil  ioiial. 

Article   XV. 
I'rofi  t  thjii  of  jxihiils,  Irddtiiiiirks,  and  di signs. 

The  citizens  oi-  snlijei'ts  of  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  shall 
enjny    in    thi'   territories   of   the   othei-   the   same   protection   as  native 


120  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

citizens  or  subjects  in  regard  to  patents,  trademarks  and  designs,  upon 
fulfillment  of  the  formalities  prescribed  by  law. 

Article  XVI. 
Former  treaty  superseded. 

The  present  Treaty  shall,  from  the  date  on  which  it  enters  into 
operation,  supersede  the  Treaty  of  Commerce  and  Navigation  dated 
the  twenty-second  day  of  November,  1894;  and  from  the  same  date 
the  last-named  Treaty  shall  cease  to  be  binding. 

Article  XVII. 
Commencement  and  duration. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  enter  into  operation  on  the  seventeenth 
of  July,  1911,  and  shall  remain  in  force  twelve  years  or  until  the 
expiration  of  six  months  from  the  date  on  which  either  of  the  con- 
tracting parties  shall  have  given  notice  to  the  other  of  its  intention 
to  terminate  the  Treaty. 

Termination. 

In  case  neither  of  the  contracting  parties  shall  have  given  notice  to 
the  other  six  months  before  the  expiration  of  the  said  period  of 
twelve  years  of  its  intention  to  terminate  the  Treaty,  it  shall  continue 
operative  until  the  expiration  of  six  months  from  the  date  on  which 
either  party  shall  have  given  such  notice. 

Article  XVIII. 

Exchange  of  ratifications. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifications  thereof 
shall  be  exchanged  at  Tokyo  as  soon  as  possible  and  not  later  than 
three  months  from  the  present  date. 

Signatures. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  respective  plenipotentiaries  have  signed  this 
Treaty  in  duplicate  and  have  hereunto  affixed  their  seals. 

Done  at  "Washington  the  twenty-first  day  of  February,  in  the  nine- 
teen hundred  and  eleventh  year  of  the  Christian  era,  corresponding 
to  the  twenty-first  day  of  the  second  month  of  the  forty-fourth  year 
of  Meiji. 

Philander   C.   Knox     (seal) 
Y.    Uchida  (seal) 

Consent  of  the  Senate. 

And  whereas,  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States  to  the  ratification  of  the  said  Treaty  was  given  with  the  under- 
standing "that  the  treaty  shall  not  be  deemed  to  repeal  or  affect  any 
of  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  entitled  'An  act  to  regulate 
the  immigration  of  aliens  into  the  United  States,'  approved  February 
20,  1907";  (Vol.  34.  p.  898)  and 

"Whereas,  the  said  understanding  has  been  accepted  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Japan ;  and 


LABOR.  121 

Raiifications  exchanged. 

Whereas,  the  said  Treaty,  as  amended  by  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States,  has  l)een  duly  ratified  on  l)()th  parts,  and  the  ratifieations  of  the 
two  governments  were  exehanged  in  the  eity  of  Tokyo,  on  the  fourth 
day  of  April,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eleven;  now,  therefore. 

Proclamation. 

Be  it  known,  that  I,  William  Howard  Taft,  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  have  caused  the  said  Treaty,  as  amended,  and  the 
said  understanding  to  be  made  public,  to  the  end  that  the  same  and 
every  article  and  clause  thereof  may  be  observed  and  fulfilled  with 
good  faith  by  the  United  States  and  the  citizens  thereof. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the 
seal  of  the  United  States  to  be  affixed. 

Done  at  the  city  of  Washington  this  fifth  day  of  April  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eleven,  and  of  the 
Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America  the  one  hundred  and 
thirty-fifth. 

Wm.  H.  Tapt. 
(seal) 

By  the  President: 
P.  C.  Knox, 

Secretary  of  State. 

Declaration. 
Control  of  emigration  by  Japan. 

In  proceeding  this  day  to  the  signature  of  the  Treaty  of  Commerce 
and  Navigation  between  Japan  and  the  United  States  the  undersigned, 
Japanese  Ambassador  in  Washington,  duly  authorized  by  his  govern- 
ment, has  the  honor  to  declare  that  the  Imperial  Japanese  Government 
are  fully  prepared  to  maintain  with  equal  effectiveness  the  limitation 
and  control  which  they  have  for  the  past  three  years  exercised  in 
regulation  of  the  emigration  of  laborers  to  the  United  States. 

Y.   UCHIDA. 

February  21,  1911. 


Letter  of  T.  W.  G.  Lyons. 

T.   W.   G.    LYONS 

Motor  Cap  Dealer 

Main  and   Ninth  Streets 

Telephone  137 

Brawley,  California,  December  20,  1919. 
Hon.  Wh.  D.  Stephens, 
Governor  of  California, 

Sacramento,  California. 
My   Dear  Governor:   I   herewith   enclose   resolutions  adopted  by   the  Magnolia- 
Mulberry  Farm  Center  December  19  in  regard  to  the  exclusion  of  Japanese,  Hindus 
and  Mohammedans. 

If  something  is  not  done  in  the  way  of  legislation  to  bar  these  races,  it  will  be 
only  a  comparatively  short  time  until  they  will  have  crowded  out  the  white  race 
from  the  most  fertile  parts  of  California,  and  I  believe  that  it  would  be  to  the  best 
interest  of  the  State  of  California  if  you  would  cause  an  extra  session  of  the  State 


122  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENT.VL. 

Legislature  at  the  earliest  moment  to  consider  such   legislation  as   is  necessary   to 
eliminate  this  evil. 

Many  of  the  people  in  the  state  have  been  rather  encouraged  to  rent  their  land 
to  this  class  of  people  in  order  to  help  win  the  war,  by  the  protection  of  food  stuff, 
which  was  so  sorely  needed  during  the  war  which  has  just  come  to  an  end. 

I  noticed  in  today's  paper  a  controversy  between  Frank  C.  Jordan.  Secretary  of 
State,  and  Senator  Inman,  over  the  importation  of  Chinese  coolies,  laborers,  to  take 
the  place  of  these  Japanese,  Hindus  and  Mohammedans,  which  we  desire  excluded. 

While  I  appreciate  the  point  Mr.  Jordan  wants  to  bring  out,  I  do  not  agree  with 
him  to  bring  in  Chinese  coolies  as  immigrants  or  as  contract  laborers,  or  under  any 
other  form,  as  we  have  excluded  the  Chinese  before  and  they  have  been  willing  to 
accept  that  exclusion,  and  the  Japanese  people,  believing  themselves  superior  to  the 
Chinese,  would  consider  such  act  upon  our  part  as  unjust,  and  will  probably  lead  to 
complications  which  I  hope  we  will  be  able  to  avoid  in  carrying  out  our  exclusion 
laws,  but  as  a  substitute  of  this  class  of  labor,  it  has  been  my  experience  from 
employing  all  of  such  laborers  that  the  best  possible  substitute  we  could  get,  and 
one  which  would  be  agreeable  to  our  American  people,  is  Mexican  laborers.  In 
other  words,  I  believe  if  we  had  a  war  with  Mexico,  or  an  intervention  whereby  we 
would  establish  a  permanent  government  in  that  unfortunate  country,  or  annex  a 
portion  of  it,  or  all  of  it,  and  turn  loose  some  eight  or  ten  million  peon  laborers, 
who  are  now  virtually  starving  in  that  ungoverned  country;  I  have  no  enmity  or  ill 
will  towards  these  people,  even  though  we  were  forced  into  a  war  with  them,  or  with 
the  unstable  government  which  now  tries  to  rule  them,  and  particularly  so  when  it 
comes  to  using  those  people  or  getting  them  into  our  country  for  laborers,  for  this 
reason  :  that  you  well  know  that  when  we  took  California  over  from  Mexico,  a  great 
many  of  the  Mexican  residents  of  this  territory  had  grants  from  Mexico,  all  the 
way  from  1000  acres  of  land  to  100,000  acres  of  land,  and  as  you  well  know,  that 
very  little,  if  any  of  these  lands  are  held  by  their  original  owners.  In  other  words, 
the  Mexicans  will  never  undertake  to  run  our  business,  or  acquire  our  land  and 
crowd  out  the  white  people  of  this  country. 

Furthermore,  if  you  look  at  them  in  the  right  light,  they  are  to  a  certain  extent, 
natives  of  this  land,  being  a  mixture  of  Indian  and  Spanish  blood.  It  is  true  that 
an  ordinary  Mexican  will  not  accomplish  in  a  day  as  much  as  a  Chinese  laborer,  or 
as  much  as  a  Japanese  laborer,  but  if  they  are  paid  according  to  what  they  do,  they 
accomplish  the  same  results,  as  far  as  labor  is  concerned,  and  in  this  letter  I  will 
say  that  if  the  white  farmers,  or  white  men  in  the  State  of  California  could  get 
an  ample  supply  of  Mexican  labor,  they  could  do  all  the  truck  gardening,  raising 
of  sugar  beets,  cantaloupes,  vegetables  and  other  products  which  the  Japanese  and 
Hindus  and  Mohammedans  are  now  doing;  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  here  in  the 
Imperial  Valley,  I  think  I  am  safe  in  saying  that  these  Asiatic  farmers  employ  on 
an  average  of  at  least  five  Mexicans  to  one  Japanese.  Hindu  or  Mohammedan.  In 
other  words,  these  Asiatic  farmers  are  conducting  their  farms  and  depending  upon 
hiring  Mexican  laborers  to  do  the  work  for  them  in  the  proper  season.  .Ml  of  the 
thousands  of  acres  of  cotton  grown  in  the  Imperial  A'alley  by  Hindus  and  Mohaui- 
niedans  in  not  one  instance  have  I  known  of  them  picking  any  of  the  cotton  tlieni- 
st'lvos ;  they  deiK-nd  solely  upon  the  emiiloynient  of  Mexican  laborers  and  negroes, 
and  .'iometimrs  white  men  to  pick  the  cotton  for  them.  Also  they  clio|)  out  all  weeds 
and  thin  the  cotton,  and  this  is  almost  identical  with  tlio  .Japanese  farmer;  in  other 
words,  they  would  not  be  able  to  farm  one-fifth  of  the  territory  they  do  farm  if  it 
was  not  that  they  employed  Mexican  laborers  to  do  the  bulk  of  their  work  during 
harvest  time. 

I  might  also  state  that  the  Mexicans  are  employed  to  do  practically  all  of  the 
railroad  section  work  in  southern  California,  and  practically  all  the  common  labor 
in  the  Imperial  Irrigation  District. 

Now  if  this  Mexican  labor  could  Le  extended  up  through  the  entire  state,  the 
white  farmers  could  do  the  managing  and  superintending  of  the  farms,  as  the  Japa- 
nese and  Hindus  do  now.  and  we  could  get  along  very  well  without  our  Japanese 
and  Hindus,  and  Mohammedans  in  the  agricultural  pursuits  of  the  state. 

Should  there  be  any  other  information  that  you  desire  from  this  i)ait  of  ihf 
state,  I  would  be  only  too  willing  to  assist  in  furnishing  you  with  the  .-^ame. 

Wishing  you  a  merry  Christmas  and  happy  New  Year,  I  beg  to  remain. 

Very  truly  yours, 

T.  W.  G.  Lyons. 


LAHOR.  123 

Letter  of  Dr.  Elwood  Mead. 

Ei.wooD  Mead,  Chairman  F-'hank  T.  1'"i.int 

Prehcott  F.  CoGSWEr.i,  E.   S.   Wanoeniieim 

Mortimer  Fleishhacker  Gladys  M.  C'umminos,  Hecretanj 

LAND  SETTLEMENT  BOARD  OF  THE  STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA 

I{|:itKKI,EY,   CaIIIOKMA,    I'clillKir.V    'Jd,    11)20. 

Mr.  F.  L.  Latiibop, 

Farm  Expert,  Stale  Board  of  Control, 
Sacramento,  California. 

Dear  Mr.  Latiirop  :  Repl.yinj;  to  .vfiur  iiKiiiiry  asking  my  opinion  a.s  to  what  will 
1)0  tlio  offoc't  of  cheap  alion  lahor  on  tho  proRrnss  of  aKriculture  in  California,  and 
on  tlio  iMilMing  up  in  country  districts  of  a  high  rural  civilization,  it  is  my  boliof  that 
such  labor  is  not  necessai-y  and  that  to  increase  the  supply  would  be  a  political  and 
Industriul  mistake. 

Tho  farm  worker  is  a  citizen  and  a  vot(>r.  If  ho  is  a  man  of  family,  hi.s  children 
attend  the  public  school  and  the  family  ought  to  take  part  in  the  social  life  of  the 
ueishborhood  whore  they  live.  It  needs  no  argument  to  show  that  a  rural  neighbor- 
hood of  this  kind  is  a  better  example  of  democracy  than  a  rural  neighborhood  that 
is  sei)arated  into  social  layers,  the  land  owner  above,  the  worker  below. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  create  this  condition  in  order  to  utilize  all  the  agricultural 
I(o.ssibilities  of  California  or  to  do  the  work  on  the  farm.  It  can  not  be  done  by 
following  the  pioneer  methods  of  development  which  worked  well  so  long  as  land 
and  water  were  both  cheap. 

It  can  be  done  if  wo  adoi>t  and  use  tlu^  methods  followed  in  France  for  the  last 
century  of  building  up  a  nation  of  small  land  owners  or  do  as  Germany,  Denmark, 
Ireland,  Scotland,  Australia  and  New  Zealand  have  done  the  last  twenty  years,  buy 
up,  subdivide  and  sell  to  actual  cultivators,  the  large  estates.  This  method  calls  for 
tho  active  aid  and  direction  of  the  government  in  the  purchase  and  subdivision  of 
privately  owned  land,  helping  settlers  to  form  cooperative  associations,  to  be  joined 
together  in  social  and  other  activities  which  will  create  communities  instead  of  a 
large  number  of  isolated  individuals.  This  kind  of  country  life  is  so  much  more 
elToctive  that  we  should  foster  it  aside  from  the  problem  of  labor.  It  is  the  only 
way  to  secure  an  adequate  supply  of  labor  and  help  make  that  labor  the  best  kind 
of  citizens. 

The  things  that  will  withstand  the  influence  and  lure  of  the  city  is  the  satisfaction 
that  comes  to  i)eople  from  owning  the  land  they  live  on  and  cultivate  and  helping 
noighborhoods  to  work  together  and  be  bound  together  by  ties  of  common  interests. 

The  Durham  Land  Settlement,  the  first  country  neighborhood  to  be  created  under 
the  California  act,  has  been  studied  by  skeptical  and  unfriendly  critics  from  more 
than  a  dozen  countries.  It  was  looked  upon  by  many  a.s  a  doubtful  experiment  at 
home.  Today  it  is  a  solvent  undertaking,  and  there  has  not  been,  from  all  of  the 
hundreds  who  have  looked  at  the  colony,  a  single  adverse  rei>ort. 

When  the  Durham  Settlement  was  created  it  included  twenty-six  farm  laborer's 
homes.  Some  people  objected  to  the  term  "farm  laborer."  They  said  it  would  repel 
or  humiliate  applicants.  If  that  is  the  ca.se,  it  is  time  we  created  a  more  healthy 
public  opinion.  No  labor  is  or  should  be  looked  upon  as  humiliating  if  it  is  done 
well,  and  this  is  especially  true  of  anything  that  requires  the  intelligence,  industry 
and  skill  of  work  on  the  farm.  It  is  not  the  term,  but  it  is  conditions  under  which 
people  live  that  counts,  and  the  twenty-six  farm  laborers'  homes  at  Durham  will 
compare  favorably  with  the  homes  of  laborers  in  any  industry,  and  the  owners  of 
those  homes  have  a  pride  in  their  station  that  is  a  rare  and  valuable  thing  and  needs 
to  be  extended.  They  share  in  all  of  the  social  activities  of  the  community.  They 
are  making  money.  Not  a  farm  laboi'er  has  ever  been  behind  in  his  payments. 
They  all  find  employment  and  there  i.s  need  for  more  of  these  homes  in  that  settle- 
ment which  the  Board  is  now  considering  how  it  can  meet.  The  farm  laborers  at 
Durham  are  all  white,  they  are  all  Americans,  and  they  do  all  kinds  of  work.  This 
year  a  large  number  of  contracts  have  been  made  with  settlers  for  growing  of 
tomatoes,  spinach  and  other  garden  products  ;  the  kind  of  careful  painstaking  work 
that  we  have  been  told  would  be  done  by  nobody  but  aliens.     Durham  refutes  this. 

Americans  will  do  any  kind  of  farm  or  garden  work  if  there  is  back  of  it  sufficient 
stimulus  to  their  pride,  interest  and  ambition.  The  State  Land  Settlement  Act,  if 
sufficiently  extended,  will  settle  the  problem  of  intelligent  dependable  American  labor 
on  the  farm.  It  is  the  most  direct  and  effective  way  of  mitigating  if  not  ending  the 
menace  of  alien  land  ownership  and  of  creating  communities  that  do  not  amalgamate, 
and  of  subjecting  this  state  to  the  menace  of  racial  antagonisms. 


124  CALIFORNIA   AND   THE  ORIENTAL. 

The  8000  acres  of  land  bought  by  the  Land  Settlement  Board  in  Merced  County 
would,  have  been  purchased  for  Japanese  settlers  if  the  Board  had  not  bought  it. 
These  Japanese  already  own  4000  acres  to  the  south  of  this  tract.  They  had  bought 
1200  acres  to  the  north  of  it.  If  they  had  secured  this  area,  it  would  have  been  a 
little  Japan  with  enough  people  and  enough  business  to  maintain  schools,  news- 
papers and  an  alien  language.  The  realization  of  this  menace  aroused  that  section 
of  the  country  and  led  them  to  regard  the  purcha.se  of  this  land  by  the  State  Land 
Settlement  Board  as  a  providential  deliverance  from  a  grave  economic  problem. 
The  feeling  of  opposition  to  the  purchase  and  settlement  of  the  1200  acres  of  land 
is  so  strong  that  the  Board  ha.s  been  asked  to  buy  it  and  its  purchase  is  now  under 
consideration.  If  the  Board  does  buy  it,  it  means  a  permanent  democratic  American 
community,  farm  workers  and  farm  owners  living  in  their  own  homes,  meeting 
together  in  the  coojjerative  a.'^sociations.  The  sons  of  the  farm  laborer  today  will 
be  the  farm  owners  of  the  next  decade,  and  California  will  have  the  rural  life  as 
patriotic  and  stable  as  that  of  France. 

The  trouble  today  is  that  our  progress  along  this  line  is  too  slow.  Not  enough 
money  is  being  furnished.  What  we  are  doing  seems  trivial  compared  to  what  other 
countries  far  inferior  to  us  in  wealth  and  landed  opportunities  are  doing.  Between 
1906  and  1914  the  Imperial  German  Government  spent  over  $400,000,000  buying 
large  landed  estates,  cutting  them  up  into  small  farms  and  farm  workers'  allotments, 
improving  them  and  then  selling  them  to  settlers  on  payments  extending  over  fifty 
years. 

Between  1902  and  1911  the  government  of  Great  Britain  furnished  $500,000,000 
to  buy  9,000,000  acres  of  land  in  Ireland  and  changed  a  large  part  of  that  country 
from  a  turbulent,  di.«contented,  poverty  stricken  body  of  tenants  into  a  sober, 
industrious,  and  aspiring  body  of  farm  owners. 

The  purchase  and  settlement  of  the  large  areas  of  land  in  Denmark  between  1898 
and  the  beginning  of  the  war  changed  a  country  menaced  by  bankruptcy  and  the 
loss  of  most  of  its  country  iwpulation  into  a  prosperous  leader  in  the  world's 
agriculture. 

In  1891  New  Zealand  had  40,000  separate  land  holdings  used  for  farming  and 
69,000  people  engaged  in  farm  work. 

In  twenty  years'  time,  under  a  land  purchase  act  similar  to  that  of  California, 
which  operated  with  so  little  disturbance  that  the  people  of  the  country  did  not 
realize  that  a  great  and  radical  reform  was  taking  place,  the  following  changes  had 
taken  place : 

The  number  of  people  working  on  farms  had  increased  to  125,000;  the  40,000 
farms  had  increased  to  84.000. 

In  1890  the  value  of  the  farm  products  was  $30,000,000  or  about  $45  a  head  for 
the  whole  population.  In  1910  it  had  increased  to  $74,000,000  or  more  than  $74 
in  value  for  every  one  of  the  people. 

In  1890  there  were  820,000  cattle;  20  years  later,  under  this  land  settlement 
policy,  the  number  had  increased  to  1,800,000. 

This  record  of  agricultural  growth  and  prosperity  might  be  extended.  It  was 
secured  without  any  expense  to  the  taxpayer  because  land  settlement  has  been  a 
solvent  enterprise. 

Australia  is  a  democracy  like  the  United  States.  The  commonwealth  has  six 
states  and  a  constitution  which  in  many  of  its  features  is  a  direct  copy  of  our  own. 
Within  the  past  twenty-five  years  all  of  the  Australian  states  have  realized  that  if 
the  country  is  to  be  built  up  and  the  white  Australian  policy  maintained,  the  gov- 
ernment must  take  an  active  interest  in  enabling  men  to  own  farms.  All  of  the 
Btates,  therefore,  have  passed  acts  authorizing  the  government  to  purchase  privately 
owned  lands,  cut  them  up  into  blocks  of  suitable  size  and  throw  them  open  to 
actual  settlement  on  long  and  easy  terms.  Several  of  the  states  have  passed  acts 
to  help  create  cooperative  communities,  village  settlements  and  provide  homes  for 
farm  workers. 

Between  1901  and  1914  the  different  states  had  bought,  subdivided  and  sold  to 
settlers  in  small  farms  the  following  areas  of  land : 

New  South  Wales 685.150  acres 

Victoria    567,687  acres 

Queensland     604,363  acres 

South  Australia 632,715  acres 

West  Australia  446,804  acres 

Tasmania    60,232  acres 

Total    3,050,957  acres 


LABOR.  125 

California  has  groat  estates;  it  has  aRricultural  opportunities;  it  has  more  wealth 
than  any  Australian  state,  but  thus  far  its  purchases  amount  to  15,00)  acres.  If 
there  iiad  loen  nojuired  and  settled  under  its  act  an  area  like  that  of  any  of  the 
Australian  states  except  Tasmania,  the  question  of  farm  labor  and  of  rural  progress 
would  !){'  far  less  serious  than  it  is. 

In  the  period  from  11)01  to  1!)14  the  state  of  Victoria  had  provided  homes  for 
.3SS7  farm  laborers  on  8820  acres  of  land.  It  had  provided  homes  for  city  workers 
on  2-li,1KM  acres  of  land. 

In  till-  ('oMiuioiuvealtli  Year  Rook  of  1914  is  a  review  of  the  progress  of  closer 
settlement  in  tlie  irrigated  areas  that  makes  good  reading  for  those  who  hope  to  see 
this  jiolicy  have  large  extension  in  the  irrigated  areas  of  California.  Speaking  of 
Victoria,  it  said  : 

The  movement  for  closer  settlement  in  the  irrigated  districts  started  about  five 
years  ago.  Tlie  state  had  expended  between  3,0<JO,000  and  4.,000,000  pounds  on 
irrigation  works,  which  were  not  being  used  to  their  full  extent.  Under  the  Goul- 
biirn  scheme,  the  largest  of  the  state  works,  more  than  half  the  available  water  was 
being  wasted.  The  reason  was  lack  of  people  to  cultivate  the  land  as  irrigation 
r(Miuir<>s.  l're\  iously.  in  the  various  districts  the  average  size  of  farms  varied  from 
400  to  (iOO  iu'rcs,  while  under  irrigation  from  20  to  SO  acres  will  now  give  employ- 
ment to  ii  good-sized  family  and  furnish  them  a  comfortable  living.  The  large  farms 
of  the  irrigation  districts  could  not  be  properly  cultivated  by  their  owners,  and  the 
only  way  to  make  irrigation  a  success  was  to  subdivide  these  holdings  and  bring  in 
farmers  to  cultivate  the  smaller  areas.  To  this  end  the  state  offered  to  buy  suitable 
land  ill  any  district  having  a  reliable  and  ample  water  supply,  at  a  price  fixed  by 
impartial  exiiert  valiKMs,  and  has  now  jiurchased  about  110,801  acres  for  this  pur- 
pose. This  land  is  sold  to  settlers  on  31A  years  terms  with  4^  per  cent  interest  on 
deferred  payments.  These  payments  are  calculated  on  the  Credit  Foncier  basis  and 
are  e(|ualized  through  the  whole  period.  As  a  result,  the  settlers  by  paying 
an  ad(iitioiiaI  li  per  cent,  or  0  per  cent  in  all,  on  the  cost  for  31^  years,  pay  off 
both  principal  and  interest.  To  help  the  settler  of  small  capital,  the  state  will 
build  him  a  house  and  give  15  to  20  years  to  pay  for  it,  will  prepare  a  part  of  his 
area  for  irrigation  and  allow  payments  to  be  extended  over  ten  years.  The  cash 
payments  required  are  as  follows:  On  houses  costing  less  than  100  pounds,  10 
pounds;  from  100  ixiunds  to  150  pounds,  15  pounds;  while  on  houses  costing  more 
the  cash  payment  varies  from  12  to  30  per  cent  of  the  estimated  cost.  A  cash  pay- 
ment of  one-fifth  the  estimated  cost  of  iireparing  land  for  irrigation  is  required. 
The  state  also  makes  loans  to  settlers  equal  to  GO  per  cent  of  the  value  of  permanent 
improvements,  these  loans  to  be  repaid  in  20  years.  Five  per  cent  interest  is  charged 
on  all  advances  whether  for  houses,  i)reparing  land,  or  money  furnished  the  settler. 
In  the  past  live  years  lOlG  irrigated  blocks,  averaging  Gl  acres,  have  been  taken  by 
settlers,  of  whom  401  were  from  oversea,  chiefly  from  Great  Britain,  and  615  were 
Australian.  At  Shepparton.  one  of  the  oldest  of  these  settlements,  there  are  now 
234  settlers  living  where  there  were  originally  25.  In  Koyuga  there  are  now  46 
settlers  with  good  houses,  many  young  orchards,  fine  crops  of  lucerne  and  vegetables, 
where  in  November,  1910,  there  was  not  a  house,  a  family,  or  an  acre  of  cultivated 
land.  Under  four  years  ago  there  were  27  houses  in  the  Rochester  district,  now 
there  are  over  491.  In  Tongala  there  are  now  190  houses  where  three  years  ago 
there  were  ',]{). 

Similar  jirognss  has  been  made  in  the  other  settlements.  Houses  now  being 
erected  are  of  a  belter  type  than  the  original  ones.  This  has  been  made  possible 
because  the  settlers  now  apjilying  lia\e  as  a  rule  more  capital  than  the  earlier  ones 
and  desire   better  homes. 

Sincerely  yours, 

Elwood  Mead. 


Letter  of  Professor  R.  L.  Adams. 

Thomas  Forsyth   Hunt,  Dean 
Walter  Mulfokd,  Director  B.   H.   Crocheron,  Director 

of  Resident  Instructions  of  Agricultural  Extension 

Herbert  J.  Webber,  Director  H.  E.  Van  Norman,  Vice  Director 

of  Equipment  Station  and  Dean  University  Farm  School 

UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA, 

College  of   Agriculture, 
Agricultural   Experiment  Station. 

Bebkeley,  January  14,  1920. 
State  Board  of  Control, 
Sacramento,  California. 

(Attention,  Mr.  F.  L.  Lathrop.) 
Gentlemen  :  I  trust  that  the  following  may  serve  as  an  answer  to  your  inquiry 
of  the  thirty-first  ultimo.    The  statements  are  personal  views  and  should  be  taken  as 
such.     They  are  the  outcome,  however,  of  investigations  for  both  the  state  and  the 


126  CAMKOKNIA    AND   TIIK    ORIKXTAL. 

United  Stales  Departiueut  of  Af;ricultmo  covering  a  period  of  about  two  and  one- 
lialf  years. 

To  fully  comprehend  the  farm  labor  situation  as  it  exists  today,  and  has  existed 
for  the  past  three  or  four  years,  it  is  early  necessary  to  recognize  the  presence  of  a 
number  of  points  of  view,  based  on  the  point  of  individual  contact  with  the  situation, 
if  one  is  to  succe.-sfully  correlate  the  wide  divergence  of  opinion.  The  farmei"s' 
feeling  in  regard  to  the  farm  labor  situation  is  tlie  outcome,  very  largely,  of  the  fact 
that  California  agriculture  has  developed  along  specialized  rather  than  diversified 
lines,  so  that  farmers'  activities  have  tended  toward  the  perfecting  of  a  very  few 
main  industries.  This  way  of  organizing  the  farming  of  the  state  has  resulted  in  a 
very  definite  need  for  help  at  jieriods  of  "peak  load"  rcQuirements.  The  development 
of  corporation  farniiiig,  with  its  rather  different  needs  from  the  family  manned  farm, 
adds  another  elemeni.  Tlu'refore,  one  soon  finds  that  he  can  classify  the  various 
arguments  for  and  nv:aiiist  any  projiositiou  having  to  do  wiiii  the  changing  of  the 
farm  labor  supply  in  a  w;iy  that  will  place  the  si)eaker  into  one  of  the  five  following 
categories : 

(1)  The  large  farm  operator  who  hires  all  his  farming  done  and  makes  his  profit 
from  the  men  that  he  employs.  His  business  desire  is  to  obtain  plenty  of  labor  and 
as  cheaply  as  is  consistent  with  the  maintenance  of  prices  for  farm  products.  Com- 
petition among  laborers  results  in  greater  ease  in  procuring  men  when  wanted,  less 
necessity  for  providing  accommodations,  and  a  reduction  in  the  wage  scale. 

(2l  The  working  farmer  who  does  all  his  labor  in  ijerson,  and  whose  protluct, 
when  placed  on  the  market,  must  come  into  competition  with  products  of  other 
farmers  who.  if  their  labor  is  worth  less  than  his,  tend  to  sell  at  prices  which  will 
reduce  the  income  of  this  grouj). 

(3)  The  working  farmer  who  at  times  is  also  an  employer,  and  as  such  has  the 
complex  position  of  desiring  to  get  as  much  for  his  own  labor  as  he  can,  and  to  hire 
at  a  price  which  will  return  him  as  much  profit  on  the  work  of  others  as  he  is  able 
to  secure. 

(4)  The  farm  worker,  whose  concerns — wages,  hours,  board,  housing  and  super- 
vision— are  directly  afl'ected  by  any  marked  increi'.se  or  decrease  in  the  total  supply 
of  or  demand  for  farm  labor. 

(5)  The  members  of  the  community,  only  indirectly  in  touch  with  the  farm  labor 
situation  as  It  affects  the  cost  of  living,  but  rather  directly  concerned  with  the  influ- 
ence of  the  type,  numbers  and  ideals  of  a  group,  the  size  of  the  farm  labor  group  in 
its  relation  to  general  public  welfare. 

Perhaps  the  matter  cau  be  put  another  way.  c.  </.,  the  viewpoint  depends  very 
largely  on  whether  the  private  pocketbook  or  the  comnuiuity  welfare  is  nearest  to 
the  front  in  the  eye  of  the  individual.  Sometimes  the  two  are  rather  definitely 
opposed  one  to  the  other.  It  is  evident,  if  one  investigates  the  matter,  that  selfish- 
ness does  at  times  rule. 

I  have  thus  far  tried  to  abstain  from  the  injection  of  personal  opinion.  It  is 
obviously  not  for  any  one  man  to  .><ay  what  shall  or  what  shall  not  be  done,  until  he 
has  time  to  gather  the  statistics  and  facts  from  a  vast  number  of  sources  and  to 
carefully  weigh  the  many  influences.  I  may  add,  however,  that  if  Qilifornia  is  to 
go  on  with  her  agriculture,  as  now  organized,  she  must  continue  to  constantly  recruit 
a  supply  of  labor  able  and  willing  to  do  the  hand  work  necessary  to  the  harvest  of 
many  fruits,  the  growing  and  harvesting  of  many  field  crops  as  rice,  cotton,  sugar 
beets  and  beans,  the  production  of  truck  crops  in  the  delta,  and  the  growing  cf 
cantaloupes  and  lettuce  in  Imperial  Valley.  Either  the  supply  must  be  kept  up  or 
else  a  reorganization  in  our  scheme  of  production  is  bound  to  be  necessary.  Such  a 
readjustment,  as  matters  now  stand,  may  ultimately  be  best  from  the  community 
viewpoint,  but  it  certainly  can  not  be  accomplished  without  heavy  financial  losses  to 
certain  industries  which  have  been  built  up  with  rfiiance  on  the  classes  of  labor  that 
thus  far  have  been  to  a  considerable  extent  available.  Reliance  upon  labor  as  now 
available  without  future  augmentation,  greater  use  of  machineiy,  or  similar  recom- 
mendations, will  result  in  a  change  from  many  specialized  crops  of  high  acreage 
value  to  general  crops  of  low  acreage  values,  if  no  other  relief  is  forthcoming.  It 
does  not  necessarily  follow,  though,  that  the  total  available  food  supply  will  be 
materially  reduced  ;  rather  with  some  crops  as  cantaloupes,  strawberries  and  certain 
fruits,  the  opposite  is  likely  to  be  the  case.  The  change  can  not,  however,  be  brought 
about  without  loss  to  certain  producers. 

California's  farm  labor  needs  may  conveniently  be  grouped  into  three  classes: 

(1)  Experienced,  unskilled  men  able  to  do  such  work  as  thinning  and  harvesting 
sugar  beets,  chopping  and  picking  cotton,  cutting  asparagus,  digging  potatoes,  thinning 
onions,  and  picking  cantaloupes,  melons,  prunes,  berries,  and  similar  types  of  work. 


I.ABOR.  127 

(LM  Kxporicnced,  skilled  men  for  teamsters,  irrigatr)rs,  liarvcHtcrs,  tractors,  range 
lidiii;,'.  sliccp  hording,  pruning,  spraying  and  so  on. 

(.'{)  Unsl<illed,  inexperienced  lioli)  for  hoj)  i)icking,  prune  gathering,  hoeing  weedH, 
cultivating  crops,  picking  up  walnuts  and  the  like. 

The  present  pressing  n('e<l  is  for  men  in  hoth  classes  1  and  2,  hut  because  farmers 
see  no  immediate  means  of  getting  men  for  class  2  work,  and  do  think  there  is  a  way 
of  heljjing  out  the  class  1  situation,  it  is  of  the  latter  that  most  of  the  discussion  is 
about.  'J'his  demand,  it  is  evident,  must  be  met  from  without  the  country,  and  in 
my  opinion,  Mexico,  at  present  is  the  logical  source. 

In  conclusion  may  I  add  there  still  exists  in  my  mind  a  question  as  to  what  the 
remedy  should  be.  Are  we  not  better  off  to  reorgani'/e  on  the  basis  of  what  we  have 
and  to  quit  fostering  industries  whose  existence  depends  on  the  constant  recruiting 
of  such  peoples  as  Mexicans,  Japanese,  Chinese,  Hindus,  or  will  the  economic  advan- 
tages of  a  continuation  of  this  sort  of  thing  more  than  offset  the  rather  evident 
social  disadvanagesV  It  is  an  important  question  and  upon  its  correct  answering 
(iepends  the  future  of  our  agriculture  in  many  of  its  important  phases. 
Vory   truly  yours, 

R.  L.  Adams, 
Professor  of  Farm  Management. 


Section  VII. 
CORPORATIONS. 


129 
9—4460 


CORPORATIONS. 

In  this  section : 

(1)  Very  few  corporations  controlled  by  Orientals  prior  to  pas- 
sag"e  of  1913  Alien  Land  Law, 

(2)  Many  formed  thereafter  for  the  purpose  of  buying  and  leas- 
ing land. 

(3)  Summary  of  corporations  in  state  controlled  by  Orientals. 


131 


CORPORATIONS. 

Prior  to  tlu^  passage  of  the  California  Alien  Land  Law  in  1913,  there 
existed  very  few  corporations  controlled  by  Orientals  and  those  that 
were  in  existence  were  principally  commercial  corporations.  After 
the  passage  of  the  Alien  Land  Law,  ownership  of  land  by  individual 
Orientals  who  were  ineligible  to  citizenship  was  prohibited.  Orientals, 
thereafter,  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  the  limitations  of  the  Alien 
Land  Law,  formed  corporations  and  bought  or  leased  land  in  the 
corporate  name. 

In  order  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  the  law  relating  to  corpo- 
rations having  alien  stockholders,  the  majority  of  the  capital  stock  is 
issued  to  some  American  citizen  or  citizens  to  act  as  trustee.  These 
corporations,  however,  are  in  equity  owned,  controlled  and  operated, 
practically,  exclusively  by  Orientals.  More  recently,  the  Orientals, 
especially  the  Japanese,  have  resorted  to  the  formation  of  corporations 
vv'hose  principal  stockholders  are  the  minor  children,  American-born 
of  Japanese  parents,  the  corporations  in  reality  being  operated  by 
trustees  who  are  of  lawful  age. 

A  brief  summary  of  the  farming  and  commercial  corpor*ations  con- 
trolled by  Orientals,  together  with  the  acreage  owned  or  controlled 
by  them,  is  shown  below,  having  been  taken  from  the  records  of  the 
State  Board  of  Equalization  and  the  State  Commissioner  of  Cor- 
porations. 


Oriental  corporations 

Number 

Capital 
stock 

Acreage 
owned  or 

under 
contract 

(a)    Farming  corporations: 

302 
5 

75 

7 

$9,171,500 
1,170,000 

$4,018,000 
11,020,000 

47,781 

3,753 

Japanese 

(h)    Commercial  corporations: 

Note — There  is  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  Board  of  Control  a  complete  list  of  all 
the  Oriental  corporations  in  the  State  of  California  on  January  1,  1920,  together 
with  the  amount  of  authorized  capital  stock  of  each  and  the  number  of  acres  (in 
case  of  land  ownership)   owned  or  under  contract  to  purchase  by  each. 


I 


Section  VIII. 
PICTURE  BRIDES. 


135 


PICTURE  BRIDES. 

In  this  section : 

(1)  International  aspect  as  affects  recognition  of  marriages  con- 
summated in  accordance  with  customs  of  other  nations. 

(2)  Explanation  by  United  States  Commissioner  General  of  Immi- 
gration as  to  practice  followed  in  acceptance  of  passports  held  by- 
incoming  "picture  brides." 

(3)  Recommendations  by  Commissioner  General. 

(4)  Full  description  of  so-called  picture  marriage  prepared  by 
the  California  Farmers  Cooperative  Association,  which  is  a  Japanese 
organization.  (This  presents  the  Japanese  viewpoint  and  includes 
written  announcements  by  the  Japanese  Consul  General  in  San 
Francisco.) 

(5)  Correspondence  explanatory  of  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement 
and  the  admission  of  "picture  brides"  by  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment, which  correspondence  is  between  Senator  Phelan  and 
Acting  Secretary  of  State  Wm.  Phillips. 

(6)  Code  sections  of  the  Civil  Code  of  Japan  covering  marriage 
and  adoption. 

(7)  "Picture  bride"  practice  ordered  discontinued  by  Japanese 
government,  but  rules  of  adoption  still  remain  as  before,  permitting 
same  results  to  be  accomplished  through  adoption. 

(8)  Letter  of  United  States  Government  Inspector  in  the  Immi- 
gration Service  explaining  procedure  in  admitting  immigrants, 
especially  adopted  persons, 

(9)  Number  of  "picture  brides"  arriving  at  the  port  of  San 
Francisco  from  July  1,  1911,  to  February  29,  1920. 

(10)  list  of  vessels  arriving  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  during 
the  calendar  year  1918,  showing  number  of  "picture  brides"  and 
recorded  births  after  arrival. 

(11)  Detailed  list  of  "picture  brides"  taken  from  ships' manifests, 
arriving  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  during  the  calendar  year  1918, 
address  of  husbands  to  whom  destined,  and  dates  of  births  after 
arrival. 


137 


PICTURE  BRIDES. 

The  lonj?  established  rule  among  civilized  nations  that  each  country 
recognize  as  valid,  marriages  consummated  in  any  other  country  in 
accordance  with  the  customs  or  laws  prevailing  therein,  does  not  apply 
to  the  so-called  "picture  bride"  marriages  as  most  recently  practiced 
by  the  Japanese. 

Prior  to  the  passage  by  the  United  States  Congress  of  the  1917 
immigration  act  requiring  a  literacy  test  for  immigrants,  marriages 
upon  American  docks  immediately  upon  arrival  of  the  immigrant  and 
before  admission  by  the  United  States  was  practiced  generally  by 
immigrants  of  all  nations.  This  was  the  practice  then  followed  by  the 
Japanese,  but,  although  now  alluded  to  frequently  as  a  "picture  bride" 
marriage,  it  differs  very  materially  from  the  more  recent  practice. 

When  both  parties  appeared  on  the  dock  and  were  married,  they 
were  both  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  and  consum- 
mated marriage  in  compliance  with  the  laws  of  the  state  in  which  the 
marriage  took  place.  There  can  be  no  valid  objection  to  the  legality 
of  such  marriage  provided  the  parties  are  competent. 

Doubtless  many  of  these  marriages  were  initiated  by  the  exchange 
of  photographs  between  the  parties,  and  doubtless  this  applies  to 
nationalities  other  than  Japanese.  But  unless  the  marriage  consum- 
mated on  the  dock  be  considered  a  mere  idle  act,  the  exchange  of 
photographs  and  the  registration  formality  observed  in  a  foreign 
country  can  not  be  construed  as  having  effected  marriage. 

Mr.  Daniel  J.  Keefe,  United  States  Commissioner  General  of 
Immigration,  in  his  report  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1912, 
states : 

"rassporls  aro  jiivcu  llicse  women  on  the  ground  that  thoy  are  coming  to  con- 
tinental United  States  to  join  a  husband,  the  arrangement  with  Japan  contemplating 
that  Avhere  a  Japanese  laborer  is  migrating  for  the  purpose  of  joining  a  member  of 
his  immediate  family  the  passport  may  be  issued.  Most  of  the  women,  while  they 
do  join  the  husband,  are  farm  laborer.s,  and  immediately  become  colaborers  with 
their  husbands  on  the  farms  where  the  latter  are  employed  or  which  they  are 
conducting.  As  these  "proxy"  or  "photograph"  marriages  would  not,  of  course,  be 
recognized  as  valid  in  any  of  the  states  of  this  country,  the  tnen  to  whom  these 
women  are  going  are  required  to  meet  them  at  a  seaport  and  go  through  a  ceremony 
of  marriage  legal  in  the  United  States.  But  the  bureau  feels  that  two  facts  growing 
out  of  this  situation  should  not  be  overlooked  by  those  interested  in  the  economic 
phases  of  the  immigration  problem:  (1)  The  practice  of  furnishing  the  passiwrt  to 
these  women  and  admitting  them  on  the  basis  of  the  passport  and  a  marriage  per- 
formed at  the  port  opens  the  way  for  the  introduction  into  continental  United  States 
of  large  bodies  of  common  laborers — females,  it  is  true,  but  none  the  less  competitors 
of  the  laborers  of  this  country;  and  (2)  this  practice  must  necessarily  result  in 
constituting  a  large  native-born  Japanese  population — persons  who,  because  of  their 
birth  on  American  soil,  will  be  regarded  as  American  citizens,  although  their  parents 
can  not  be  naturalized,  and  who,  nevertheless,  will  be  considered  (and  will  probably 
consider  themselves)  subjects  of  the  Empire  of  Japan  under  the  laws  of  that  country, 
which  holds  that  children  born  abroad  of  parents  who  are  Japanese  subjects  are 
themselves  subjects  of  the  Japanese  Empire." 


140  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

And  the  report  of  United  States  Commissioner  General  of  Immigra- 
tion A.  Caminetti,  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1913,  contains  the 
following  footnote  commenting  on  the  foregoing  statement: 

"The  foregoing  views  of  Commissioner  General  Keefe  seem  to  the  signer  of  this 
report  especially  significant,  for  they  are  the  result  of  the  retiring  Commissioner 
General's  experience  in  the  enforcement  of  the  law  and  are  in  exact  agcord  with 
the  writer's  observations,  both  before  and  since  his  induction  into  office.  The  writer 
desires,  however,  to  state  that  he  does  not  agree  with  the  notion  that  any  such 
marriage  is  binding  upon  the  United  States  in  the  administration  of  immigration 
laws;  and  also  that  there  is  no  treaty  with  Japan,  or  other  arrangement  what- 
soever, that  provides  for  the  recognition  by  the  United  States  of  the  so-called 
marriage  of  a  woman  in  Japan  with  a  man  who  may  be  in  the  United  States  at  the 
alleged  date  of  the  same.  The  doctrine  of  lex  loci,  in  his  judgment,  is  not  applicable 
to  cases  of  this  kind  for  the  above  reason,  as  well  as  that  such  marriage  is  not 
consummated  entirely  and  completely  in  the  country  permitting  it,  as  it  is  apparent 
that  a  part  of  the  so-called  marriage  is  initiated  in  one  jurisdiction  or  nation,  and 
it  is  completed  in  another  and  entirely  foreign  jurisdiction  or  nation." 

In  his  report  for  the  succeeding  year,  Mr.  Caminetti  had  the  fol- 
lowing to  say: 

"There  are  perplexing  matters  that  constantly  arise  in  local  administration  that 
.«hould  be  weeded  out  as  soon  as  sufficient  study  of  conditions  will  permit  a  proper 
and  permanent  solution.  These,  too,  I  should  have  been  pleased  to  have  considered 
in  detail.  One  of  such,  against  which  protests  have  been  made  and  which  the 
bureau  has  fully  investigated,  should  be  met  by  positive  action.  Fortunately  neither 
the  immigration  laws  nor  other  statutes  intervene  ;  practice  only  gave  it  life,  and 
regulation  should  destroy  it  once  and  for  all.  I  have  reference  to  the  practice  of 
permitting  marriages  at  our  stations.  The  marriage  of  aliens,  where  both  parties 
to  a  union  are  applicants  for  admission  or  where  one  is  a  resident  and  the  other 
such  applicant,  should  be  discontinued  throughout  the  service,  and  no  party  thereto 
should  be  admitted  as  the  wife  of  a  resident  who  has  not  consummated  marriage 
with  such  resident  entirely  and  completely  in  the  country  in  which  marriage  is 
alleged  or  claimed  to  have  taken  place." 

Assumption  by  a  foreign  government,  in  the  matter  of  marriage,  of 
jurisdiction  over  both  parties,  where  one  of  the  parties  is  within  the 
.jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  and  therefore  entirely  subject  to  the 
laws  of  the  United  States,  does  not  appear  to  be  based  upon  any  provi- 
sion of  domestic  or  international  law. 

The  laws  of  the  State  of  California  are  supreme  as  to  marriage  and 
divorce  of  persons  within  the  jurisdiction  of  this  state  and  can  not  be 
annulled  by  Federal  Statute  or  by  treaty.  The  state  laws  exclusively 
and  absolutely  control  domestic  relations,  including  marriage  and 
divorce,  and  the  Federal  Government  has  no  power  over  these  subjects 
whatever.  The  state,  on  the  other  hand,  can  compel  every  person 
within  its  jurisdiction,  whether  Oriental  or  otherwise,  to  comply  with 
its  laws  governing  marriage. 

PICTURE  MARRIAGES. 

In  an  endeavor  to  describe  "picture  marriage,"  the  California 
Farmers'  Cooperative  Association  (a  Japanese  association)  says: 

"When  a  man  (Japanese)  living  in  America  desires  to  marry,  but  is  prevented  by 
various  reasons  from  going  home,  he  writes  to  his  parents,  asking  them  to  find  a 
suitable  woman  for  his  bride.     The  parents,  following  the  usual  customs  and  rules, 


PICTURE   BRIDES.  141 

(ix  on  an  eligible  person.  Then  they  intimate  to  the  girl's  parents  that  they  are 
desirous  of  securing  her  marriage  to  their  son  in  America.  The  parents  on  either 
side  spare  no  pains  in  inquiring  into  the  character,  social  standing,  family  relations, 
t,enealogy,  health  and  education  of  the  young  man  and  woman.  If  this  investigation 
proves  satisfactory,  both  to  the  parents  and  to  the  prosiH>ctive  groom  and  bride,  the 
man  in  America  sends  his  photograph  to  the;  woman,  and  receives  her  photograph  in 
exchange.  This  "interview"  through  i)liotographK  i>roving  satisfactory  to  both 
parties,  the  nui)tial  knot  is  tied  at  a  ceremonial  dinner  in  which  the  groom,  living 
in  America,  is  naturally  absent,  but  which  is  attended  by  the  bride  and  the  parents 
and  relatives  of  both  sides.  This  done,  the  parents  register  the  marriage  with  the 
))roper  authorities.  Tliis  marriage  has  been  regarded  as  valid  both  by  the  Japanese 
and  the  American  Government.  In  many  cases  exchange  of  photographs  is  not 
required,  because  it  frequently  happens  that  the  prosr>ective  groom  and  bride  were 
born  in  the  same  town  or  village  and  have  known  each  other  since  childhood. 

If  we  look  at  it  in  the  above  light,  there  is  nothing  objectionable  in  the  practice 
of  "picture  marriage,"  which  we  repeat,  is  a  gross  misnomer.  It  is,  therefore,  but 
natural  that  the  American  (Jovernment  should  regard  this  marriage  practice,  as  it 
has  regarded  it,  as  legal  and  valid. 

But  in  view  of  severe  criticisms  directed  against  this  practice  the  Japanese  Gov- 
ernment announced  on  December  17,  1919,  that  it  would  stop  issuing  passports  after 
February  25,  1920.  Commenting  on  this  announcement  Mr.  T.  Ohta,  the  Japanese 
Consul  General  in  San  Francisco,  issued  this  statement: 

'This  means  that  about  the  twenty-fifth  of  January  next,  the  Japanese  consulates 
in  America  will  cease  to  receive  applications  for  certificates  necessary  to  secure 
passports  for  such  women,  because  it  takes  about  a  month  for  the  applications  to 
reach  the  proi)er  authorities  in  Japan.  Therefore,  if  any  Japanese  in  continental 
United  States  wishes  to  send  for  his  wife  to  whom  he  has  been  married  by  the 
procedure  commonly  and  somewhat  erroneously  called  'picture  marriage,'  his  applica- 
tion for  endorsement  must  be  in  the  hands  of  a  Japanese  consulate  at  the  end  of 
January  at  the  latest.  That  means  that  there  is  only  an  interval  of  a  month  or  so 
in  which  the  Japanese  consulates  can  accept  such  applications. 

This  interval,  brief  as  it  is,  is  provided  with  a  view  to  avoiding  inevitable 
embarrassment  which  a  sudden  prohibition  of  'picture  marriage'  would  cause  to  those 
Japanese  men  and  women  who  have  been  making  preparations  for  marriages.  It 
would  be  unjust  to  stop  the  practice  all  of  a  sudden  and  without  warning. 

This  announcement  on  the  part  of  the  Japanese  government  is  another  proof  that 
it  is  earnestly  solicitous  of  maintaining  and  promoting  friendly  relations  with  the 
United  States  and  especially  the  people  of  California.  For  the  sake  of  amicable 
relations  between  our  two  countries  and  peoples,  Japan  is  always  willing  and  ready 
to  meet  America  half  way. 

For  my  own  part  I  have  all  along  maintained  that  any  and  all  problems  pending 
or  arising  between  Japan  and  America  can  be,  and  ought  to  be,  settled  by  friendly 
exchange  of  views.  The  settlement  of  the  'picture  bride'  question  is  ample  proof  that 
between  our  two  governments  there  is  perfect  understanding  and  friendly  feeling.'  " 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  procedure  adopted  in  concluding  the 
so-called  "picture  marriage"  is  designated  as  a  "practice"  and  not 
as  a  "custom."  It  would  not  appear  unreasonable,  therefore,  to 
assume  that  the  practice  came  into  being  as  a  direct  result  of  the 
presence,  in  this  country,  of  great  numbers  of  young  men  of  Japanese 
nationality  who  found  it  inexpedient  to  make  the  voyage  home  to  do 
their  wooing.  The  reasonableness  of  the  assumption  that  the  "picture 
marriage"  was  resorted  to  as  an  expedient  rather  than  as  a  time- 
honored  custom  would  seem  to  appear  from  the  following  letter  from 
the  Acting  Secretary  of  State  to  the  Honorable  James  D.  Phelan, 
dated  August  28,  1919,  and  inserted  in  the  record  of  hearings  before 
the  Committee  on  Immigration  and  Naturalization,  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives (66th  Congress,  first  session,  June  12,  13,  14,  18,  19  and  20, 
and  September  25,  1919)  : 


142  CALIFORNIA    AND   TPIE   ORIENTAL. 

August  2S.  1919. 
Hon.  J.\MKS  D.  PnEi.AN. 
United  States  Senate. 
Sir:  Adverting  to  your   letter  of  July   24,   relative   to   the  so-called   "gentlemen's 
agreement"   between  this  Government  and  the  (Jovernment  of  Japan  for  regulating 
the  immigration  of  Japanese  to  the  United  State.s,  I  have  the  honor  to  say  that,  after 
giving   due   consideration    to   certain    facts    and    figures    recently    ohtained    from    the 
honorable  the  Secretary  of  Labor,  I   have  confirmed  the  opinion  which  I  have  held 
for  some  time  on  this  subject;  that  i.s,  that  the  present  arrangement  is  working  with 
a    fair   degree   of  satisfaction,    with    the    r><>ssible    exception    of    the    immigration   of 
so-called  Japanese  "picture  brides"  to  the  United  States. 

It  might  not  be  amiss  briefly  to  review  some  of  the  salient  facts  bearing  on  this 
particular  phase  of  Japanese  immigration  anil  on  the  general  operation  of  the 
present  agreement. 

The  understanding  under  which  Japanese  ininiigratiou  Id  the  I'Miteil  States  is 
regulated  has  l>een  in  force  since  IIXKS.  Its  principal  stipulation  i.s  that  Ihe  Japa- 
nese Government  will  issue  "no  passjMirt,  good  for  the  American  mainland,  to  <'itlier 
skilled  or  unskilled  .Japanese  laborers,  except  to  thase  who  have  jiroviously  resiili-d 
in  the  United  States,  or  the  parc'Uls,  wives,  or  children  of  Japanese  residents." 
From  1908  to  May  r^,  1917,  the  date  on  which  the  i)r.'sent  iiniuigration  act  went  into 
effect,  the  class  of  alien.s  known  as  wives  of  Japanese  domiciled  in  the  United  States 
were  admitted  to  the  United  States  only  after  the  iR'rformance,  at  the  port  of  entry, 
of  a  marriage  ceremony  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  this  country,  if  the  applicants 
were  otherwise  admissible  under  the  general  terms  of  the  immigration  law  then  in 
force,  and  if  they  presented  passports  i.>-sued  by  the  Japanese  Government  under  the 
agreement  above  mentioned.  The  practice  did  not  work  satisfactorily,  altliough  for 
the  time  being  it  appeared  to  be  the  only  solution  of  a  delicate  phase  of  the  .Japanese 
immigration  iiuestion. 

When  the  present  immigration  act  containing  the  illiteracy  clause  was  pa.ssed  it 
became  necessary  to  definitely  fix  the  legal  status  of  so-called  "picture  bride"  mar- 
riages, as  a  percentage  of  the  Japanese  women  of  this  clas.s  who  applied  for  admis- 
sion had  been  found  to  be  illiterate.  This  matter  was,  therefore,  made  the  subject 
of  correspondence  between  the  Department  of  State  and  the  .Japanese  Ambassador 
at  Washington  in  the  spring  of  1917.  The  legal  status  of  .Japanese  marriages  was 
defined  by  the  Japanese  Ambassador  (Mr.  Sato)  in  a  note  dated  April  2.S.  1917,  to 
the  department,  as  follows : 

"I  beg  to  state  that  in  the  law  of  Japan  it  is  provided  that  marriage  is  complete 
and  takes  effect  immediately  upon  its  being  notified  either  in  writing  or  orally  to  the 
registrar  by  both  parties  with  the  participation  in  the  act  of  at  least  two  witnesses 
of  full  age  and  its  being  accepted  by  him  ;  that  if  a  document  is  employed  for  such 
notification  it  must  be  i>ersonally  signed  and  sealed  by  the  parties  and  the  witnesses; 
but  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  parties  personally  apixnir  before  the  registrar;  that 
if  the  notification  is  made  orally  both  the  parties  and  their  witnesses  must  personally 
appear  before  the   registrar. 

There  is  no  provision  in  the  .Japanese  law  specifically  for  a  case  where  one  of  the 
parties  to  a  marriage  contract  lives  in  Japan  and  the  other  under  foreign  jurisdiction, 
nor  has  there  appeared  before  the  wiurt  any  case  involving  this  point,  for  the  reason 
that  the  places  of  actual  residence  of  the  parties  concerned  form  no  essential  require- 
ment for  a  marriage  to  be  legalized.  Such  being  the  essence  of  the  formal  marriage 
in  Japan,  a  .Japanese  man  residing  in  this  country  can  marry  a  Japanese  woman 
residing  in  Japan  by  personally  signing  and  affixing  his  seal  to  the  document  to  be 
presented  before  the  registrar  in  Japan,  and  the  validity  of  such  marriage  is  amply 
attested  by  the  issuance  of  certified  copy  of  the  family  registry  bearing  the  official 
seal  of  the  registrar,  which  document  the  so-called  'picture  bride'  proceeding  to  this 
country  is  always  provided  with." 

After  this  assurance  of  the  Japanese  Government  the  honorable  the  Secretary 
of  L^bor  promulgated  the  following  administrative  rule,  which  is  still  in  force,  to 
cover  such  cases : 

"That  the  validity  of  these  marriages  be  recognized,  unless  or  until  it  is  definitely 
shown  that  they  are  not  legal  marriages  under  the  laws  of  Japan,  or  until  it  satis- 
factorily appears  that  the  residence  in  the  United  States  of  one  of  the  parties  brings 
the  consummation  of  the  marriage  ceremony  within  Ihe  jurisdiction  of  our  laws; 
that  proof  of  such  marriages  be  required,  not  only  by  a  certified  record  of  the 
registrar  but  also  by  a  certified  copy  of  the  notificalion  of  marriage  made  out  by  the 
party  to  the  same  living  in  the  United  States;  and  that  marriages  at  our  ports  be 
prohibited." 


PICTURE   BRIDES.  143 

('ommoiitiii^  on  fliis  rule  niul  on  the  .Iniiain'SL-  iiiarriauo  law,  llio  ScfT<'t«ry  of 
I^nbor  has  (his  to  say  : 

"In  tlie  ndiiiitiistratioii  of  lli(>  rule  just  cited,  such  passports,  so  long  as  the  afrree- 
ment  is  in  force,  arc  acccptcrl,  unless  fraud  or  mistake  in  their  issuance  shall  be  made 
to  api)car. 

This  (lepiirliiieiit  deonis  it  not  inappropriate. to  invite  attention  to  the  fact  (hat 
accordiiii;  to  iiifortiialioii  claimed  as  authentic,  Japan  is  not  the  only  (•ountry  whose 
laws  ])erinil  of  tlic  conlr.ictiini  of  marriages  wliile  one  of  the  contracting  jtarties  is  in 
a  forei^iu  jurisdiction.  Siiairi  and  I'orlUKal,  it  is  alle;;e(l,  allow  the  marriage  of  a 
resident  of  (>n(;  of  those  countries  with  a  resident  lh<'n  in  a  foreign  country,  hy  jiermit- 
(ing  representation  of  the  altsentee  hy  an  attorney  in  fad,  appointe*!  hy  j)ower  of 
attorney.  Therc^  may  bo  other  nations  that  have  like  systems,  differing  in  detail, 
perhai>s,  from  the  system  claimed  to  exist  in  Spain  and  I'ortugal,  or  from  the  Japa- 
nese  method,   liut  agreeing   in   elTect." 

^^'ith  regard  to  the  luimher  of  Japanese  immigrants  admit  led  to  the  mainland  and 
Hawaii  prior  to  and  since  the  agreement  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  during  the  10 
years  immediately  i)reccding  the  agreement,  ]42,(»r)<>  Japanese  were  admitted  and  for 
the  11  years  immediately  following  the  agreement  S4>,r).'}2  were  admitted.  In  (he 
.'i'ear  l'.K>7,  immediately  |)rece(liiig  liie  coming  into  force  of  the  agreement  y<^),824 
Japanese  aliens  of  all  classes  were  admitted.  It  seems  quite  clear,  therefore,  that 
the  agreement  has  had  a  decided  restrictive  influence. 

A  striking  feature  of  the  sex  distribution  of  Japanese  immigrants  under  the  opera- 
lion  of  the  agreement  is  to  be  noted.  I'rior  to  the  agreement  Japanese  immigration 
was  largely  a  movement  of  males,  SS.T  per  cent  of  the  number  admitted  being  of  that 
sex,  but  during  the  11  years  since  the  agreement  only  41..")  i)er  cent  of  (hose  admitted 
Ao.vo.  males.  Commenting  on  this  phase  of  the  matter  the  honorable  Secretary  of 
f-abor  has  the  following  to  say  : 

'"While  this  change  is  mainly  due  to  the  fact  that  iind<;r  the  agreement  the 
immigration  of  males  has  been  restricted  without  a  corresponding  reduction  among 
females,  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the  result  has  been  more  or  less  affected  by  a 
natural  law  of  iuunigration.  It  is  well  known  that  under  this  natural  law  (under 
normal  operation)  every  new  immigration  movement  includes  a  preponderance  of 
men,  and  that  as  immigration  from  a  country  becomes  more  normal,  or  settled,  the 
women  follow  in  increasing  numbers. 

In  the  case  of  women  coming  from  Japan  this  natural  law  has  been  stimulated, 
no  doubt,  by  the  method  of  marriage  hereinabove  discussed,  but  to  what  extent  this 
has  been  done  must  be  leftto  conjecture.  No  doubt  under  such  a  system  women  would 
come  in  greater  ratio  than  would  be  the  case  where  both  parties  to  a  marriage  are 
recpiired  to  be  present  at  its  celebration. 

At  the  same  time  it  is  obviously  difficult  to  attempt  to  estimate  to  what  extent 
this  may  be  true;  the  difficulty  arising  mainly  from  the  difference  in  marriage  cus- 
toms, as  under  other  conditions,  no  doubt,  the  natural  law  above  indicated  would 
apply  to  Japanese  in  the  same  way  that  it  has  in  almost  every  movement  of  peoples 
from  one  nation  to  another.  And  it  must  also  be  remembered  that  under  the  agree- 
ment practically  no  bar  is  put  in  the  way  of  women  coming  to  join  their  husbands 
here," 

The    number    of    Japanese    wives    coming    to    the    Iniited    States    is    undoubtedly 
increasing  but   the  authorities  who  have  in  charge  the  administration  of  the  immi- 
gration laws  have  not  found  that  the  Japanese  government  is  violating  the  agreement. 
*  *  *  *  4=  *  * 

William  Phillips, 
Acting  Secretary  of  State. 

In  view  of  the  announced  policy  of  the  Government  of  Japan,  to 
discontinue  the  issuance  of  passports  to  "picture  brides"  after  Feb- 
ruary 25,  1920,  it  would  be  idle  to  indulge  in  anticipations  of  the 
practical  effect  of  this  new  and  self-imposed  restriction,  were  it  not 
for  tlie  fact  that  the  Japanese  in  this  country,  in  common  with  a 
numerous  element  of  our  own  and  other  races,  have  in  the  matter  of 
overcoming^  legal  obstacles  in  the  past  displayed  a  degree  of  ingenuity 
which  points  unmistakably  to  their  ability  to  circumvent,  should  they 
so  desire,  the  new  restriction. 


144  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Adoption  Possible. 

Since  the  legality  of  the  "picture  marriage"  is  left  intact,  other 
forms  of  dome^itic  relation,  equally  valid  in  Japanese  law,  would  have 
to  be  covered  by  a  policy  of  restriction  in  order  to  accomplish  a  sub- 
stantial reduction  in  the  immigration  of  Japanese  of  either  sex.  We 
refer,  by  way  of  specific  example,  to  the  subject  of  adoption,  which  is 
covered  by  section  II,  chapter  IV,  of  book  IV  of  the  Civil  Code  of 
Japan.  The  following  sections  are  quoted  from  the  translation  of 
L.  H.  Loenholm : 

Aktici.e  837. 

A  person  of  full  age  can  adopt  a  child. 

Article  838. 
An  ascendant  or  a  person  older  than  tiie  adopter  can  nut  lie  adopted. 

Article  843. 
If  the  person  to  be  adopted  has  not  yet  attained  the  age  of  fifteen  years,  liis  fatlier 
or  mother  belonging  to  the  same  house  may  act  for  him  in  the  adoption. 

Article  844. 
In  order  that  a  child  of  full  age  may  adopt  or  a  child  of  fifteen  yeans  or  upwards 
may  be  adopted,  the  consent  of  his  father  or  mother  belonging  to  the  house  must 
be  obtained. 

Article  846. 

The  provisions  of  Article  772  apply  correspondingly  in  tlie  case  of  the  preceding 
three  Articles. 

The  provisions  of  Article  773  ai)ply  correspondingly  in  the  ca.so  of  the  preceding 
two  Articles. 

Article  772. 

For  contracting  a  marriage  a  child  must  have  the  consent  of  his  parents  being  in 
the  same  house.  This,  however,  does  not  apply,  if  the  man  has  attained  his  thirlietli 
year  or  the  woman  her  twenty-fifth  year. 

If  both  parents  are  unknown,  are  dead,  have  quit  the  house  or  arc  unaiile  to 
express  their  intention,  a  minor  must  obtain  the  consent  of  his  guardian  and  of  the 
family  council. 

Article  773. 
If  a  stepfather,   a   stepmother  or  a   chakubo    (i.e.,    the   wife  of  the  father  of  a 
natural   child   which   has   been   recognized   by   the   father)    does  not   consent   to   the 
marriage  of  a  child,   the  child  may  marry  on   obtaining  the  consent  of  the  family 
council. 

Article  847. 
The  provisions  of  Articles  774  and  775  apply  correspondingly  to  adoption. 

Article  774. 
A  person  who  has  been  adjudged  incompetent  need  not  obtain  the  consent  of  his 
guardian  in  order  to  contract  a  marriage. 

Article  775. 
A  marriage  takes  effect  upon  its  notification  to  the  registrar. 

Such  notification  must  be  made  by  both  parties  and  at  least  two  witnesses  of  full 
age,  either  orally  or  by  a  signed  document. 

The  foregoing  citations  from  the  Civil  Code  of  Japan  would  seem  to 
bear  out  the  opinion  that,  for  the  establishment  of  the  relation  of  parent 
and  child,  the  requirements  of  the  Japanese  law  are  similar  and  analo- 
gous to  those  affecting  the  marriage  relation.  This  appears  to  be 
especially  the  case  in  respect  to  the  manner  in  which  tlie.se  relations 


PICTURE    BRIDES.  145 

take  effect,  viz,  upon  notification,  by  both  parties  and  at  least  two 
witnesses  of  full  age,  to  the  registrar,  either  orally  or  by  a  signed 
document.  If,  as  the  comment  of  tin;  Jjipanese  airiljassiidor  quoted 
above  indicates,  the  places  of  actual  residence  of  the  parties  concerned 
form  no  essential  requirement  for  a  marriage  to  be  legalized,  the  con- 
clusion seems  reasonable  that  the  validity  of  adoption  is  independent 
of  the  places  of  actual  residence  of  the  parties  concerned.  It  should 
be  noted,  also,  that  a  person  of  full  age  may  be  adopted  provided  he  is 
not  an  ascendant  or  senior  of  the  adoptor. 

In  this  connection,  the  following  letter  received  from  the  Inspector 
in  Charge,  United  States  Immigration  Service,  Los  Angeles,  should  be 
of  interest: 

UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR. 

In  answering  refer  to  Office  of  Inspector  in  Charge, 

No.  5519  Los  Angeles,  California,  April  8,  1020. 

Mr.  F.  L.  Lathrop, 

Care  of  State  Board  of  Control, 
Sacramento,  California. 
Dear  Sir:  As  requested  in  your  letter  of  the  fifth  instant  there  is  inclosed  here- 
with copy  of  Department  of  Labor  Form  547,  "Sworn  statement  submitted  by  rela- 
tive of  arriving  immigrants."  During  the  last  two  years  there  has  been  filed  in  this 
office  appro.ximately  four  hundred  and  fifty-five  of  these  forms.  Of  this  number 
approximately  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  were  filed  by  Japanese  in  behalf  of 
Japanese,  and  of  this  latter  number  approximately  twenty-three  were  filed  in  behalf 
of  adopted  sons. 

Answering  the  question  contained  in  the  second  paragraph  of  your  letter :  It  is 
vot  necessary  for  a  Japanese  resident  in  the  United  States  to  apply  for  i)ermission  to 
bring  his  child  to  this  country  ;  the  child,  if  armed  with  a  passport  from  his  govern- 
ment, is  on  exactly  the  same  footing  as  would  any  other  alien  be,  as  for  example, 
Mexicans,  a  Frenchman  or  an  Engli.shman.  Of  course  he  would  be  subject  to  the 
general  pi'ovlsioiis  of  the  immigration  law  relative  to  his  health,  mental  and  moral 
condition,  and  so  forth.  Under  these  general  provisions  of  the  law  the  Japanese 
child  could  not  demand  admission  to  the  United  States  merely  because  his  relatives 
live  in  this  country,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  he  would  be  admitted  unless  he  falls 
within  some  of  the  excluded  classes  of  aliens  under  the  general  provisions  of  the 
immigration  act. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  you  to  advise  that  the  Bureau  of  Immigration,  on  the 
twenty-ninth  ultimo,  directed  that  the  use  of  the  inclosed  form  of  aflBdavit  be  dis- 
continued in  respect  of  all  aliens. 
Respectfully, 

A.  E.  Burnett, 
Inspector  in  Charge. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  of  the  176  Japanese  arrivals  referred  to  in 
the  foregoing  letter  13  per  cent  were  adopted  sons  of  Japanese  residents 
of  this  state,  it  is  obviously  unnecessary  to  make  predictions  as  to  the 
probable  course  of  Japanese  immigration  into  this  country  under  the 
restriction  announced  by  the  government  of  Japan. 

Rather  do  we  purpose  to  point  out  the  inevitable  ineffectiveness, 
under  existing  conditions,  of  a  policy  which  recognizes  as  valid  claims 
■  to  admis.sibility  based  upon  passports  issued  by  a  foreign  government 
by  virtue  of  laws  not  of  our  own  making. 


in— 44C0 


146  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

The  following  pages  contain  statistical  data  concerning  arrival  of 
picture  brides,  and  detailed  information  as  to  the  number  of  children 
born  of  picture  brides  who  arrived  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  during 
the  calendar  year  1918.  and  were  destined  to  join  husbands  residing  in 
California,  as  follows: 

1.  Number  of  "picture  brides"  arriving  at  tlie  port  of  San  Francisco 
from  July  1,  1911,  to  February  29.  1920. 

2.  List  of  vessels  arriving  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  during  the 
calendar  year  1918-  showing  number  of  picture  brides  and  recorded 
births  after  arrival. 

3.  Detailed  list  of  "picture  brides"  taken  from  ships'  manifests, 
arriving  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  during  the  calendar  year  1918. 
address  of  husbands  to  whom  destined,  and  date  of  births  after  arrival. 

STATISTICS  OF  PICTURE  BRIDES. 

The  figures  herewith  submitted  are  taken  from  data  compiled  for  the 
California  Farmers'  Cooperative  Association,  a  Japanese  organization, 
which  published  them  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "Japanese  Immigration 
and  the  Japanese  in  California."  It  is  therein  stated  that  the  figures 
published  are  confined  to  arrivals  of  "picture  brides"  at  the  port  of 
San  Francisco,  the  data  for  the  entire  continental  territory  of  the 
United  States  being  at  the  time  unavailable. 

The  figures  given  for  the  periods  from  July  1,  1919,  to  February  29, 
1920,  have  been  added  by  us  from  data  gathered  at  the  United  States 
Immigration  Station  at  Angel  Island. 

Picture  Brides  Arriving  at  the  Port  of  San   Francisco. 

July  1,  1911,  to  June  .30.  1012 ST!) 

July  1,  1912.  to  June  30.  1913 U25 

July  1,  1913,  to  June  30,  1914 768 

July  1,  1914,  to  June  30.  191.^ 823 

July  1,  191o,  to  June  30.  1910 486 

July  1,  1916,  to  June  30,  1917 r)04 

July  1,  1917.  to  June  30,  1918 .".22 

July  1,  1918,  to  June  30,  1919 (368 

July  1,  1919  to  December  31,  1919 379 

January  1,  1920,  to  February  29,  1920 95 

Total  for  S  years,  8  months 5,749 

That  "most  of  the  women,  while  they  do  join  the  husband,  are  farm 
laborers,"  has  been  recognized  by  the  Commissioner  General  of  Immi- 
gration, whose  report  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1912,  has 
already  been  quoted  from. 

That  their  daily  occupation  as  farm  laborers  has  not  interfered  with 
the  natural  increase  of  the  Japanese  population  of  the  state  is  amply 
demonstrated  by  the  high  birth  rate  among  the  Japanese  of  California. 
Specific  figures  obtained  by  us  as  a  result  of  following  up  the  524  brides 
who  arrived  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  during  the  calendar  year  1918, 
all  of  whom  have  remained  in  California,  show  that  of  this  number  182, 
or  34.8  per  cent,  became  mothers  up  to  February  29,  1920. 


PICTURE    BRIDES. 


147 


JAPANESE  PICTURE  BRIDES  ARRIVING  AT  SAN  FRANCISCO  DURING 
YEAR  1918,  THEIR  HUSBANDS  AND  RESIDENT  ADDRESS,  FROM 
RECORD  OF  SHIP  MANIFEST  IN  OFFICE  OF  IMMIGRATION  BUREAU. 
ANGEL  ISLAND,  AND  THE  RECORDED  BIRTHS  OCCURRING  IN 
THESE  FAMILIES,  FROM  RECORDS  OF  STATE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH 
UP  TO  AND  INCLUDING  DECEMBER  31,  1919. 


Date 

Steamer 

Total 

Recorded 
birtba 

Jan.     4,  1918 

Persia    Maru 

11 
27 
21 
83 
8 
26 
14 
18 
22 
28 
17 
80 
27 
20 
32 
24 
19 
20 
31 
S6 
20 
42 

6 

11 

.(an.  14,  1918 

Korea    Maru    

Jan.  30,  1918 

Siberia    Maru    _ ...       

5 

Fob.  17,  1918 

Tenyo    Maru    . ..           

10 

Ffb.  22,  ]918 

Nippon  Maru . .    

2 

Mar.    8,  1918 

Shiiiyo    Maru    .         

8 

Mar.  23,   1918 

Persia    Maru    . 

4 

April   7,  1918 

Korea    Maru    

10 

April  21,   1918 

Siberia    Maru    

9 

May    6,  1918 

Tenyo    Maru    - 

15 

May   23,   1918 

Shinyo   Maru   ..              ..    _.          

6 

.lune    9,  1918 

Persia    Maru          - ..              _.          

8 

June  30,   191S 

Korea   Maru      .— .  _-              --              

13 

July     9,   1918 

Siberia  Maru  . 

11 

July  23,  1918 

Tenyo    Maru ..    .  _.  .  _      

12 

Aug.  12,  1918 

Shinyo    Maru    _ -.           . .. 

9 

Sept.  15,  191S 

4 

Sept.  28,  1918 

Siberia    Maru              -- .        

6 

Oct.     7,  1918 

Tenyo    Maru                            .-  .           

12 

Dec.     3,  1918 

Korea   Maru                --    --      

8 

Dec.    13,  1918 
Dec.   26,   1918 

1 
11 

Totals 

624 

182 

PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING    JANUARY    4,    1918— "PERSIA    MARU." 
Births         Surname  Wife  Age      Husband  Address  in  California 


Takaki 

Noso 

28 

Ikuji 

306  Center  st.,  Visalia. 

10'/  1/18 

nigashi 

Tora 

22 

Kaichiro 

1221  Third   St.,  Sacramento. 

Matsumoto 

Ishi 

25 

Kinju 

R.r.D.  6,  box  743,  Los  Angeles. 

Tamada 

Sumi 

34 

K. 

935  P  St.,   Fresno. 

8/13/19 

Inouye 

Isono 

19 

Z. 

R.r.D.  A,  box  320,  San  Jose. 

Nishiiiia 

ISO 

20 

J. 

R.r.D.  2,  box  234,  Acampo. 

Katayama 

Kosuye 

21 

T. 

P.O.  box  69,  Acampo. 

2/19/18 

Nakano 

Fuji 

22 

Konkichi 

P.O.   box  446,  Fillmore. 

Ifune 

Shigeko 

Zuiho 

Gardena. 

12/25/18 

Kanai 

Kichi 

22 

Nobuzo 

P.O.  box  86,  Huntington  Beach. 

2/20/18 

Sakonoto 

Sato 

40 

K. 

158  E.  Colorado  st.,  Pasadena. 

PICTURE   BRIDES  ARRIVING  JANUARY 

14,  1918— "KOREA   MARU." 

Mori 

Tsune 

36 

Suekichi 

Ukiah. 

3/12/19 

Yonekura 

Nami 

27 

Tokui"!)! 

Stockton. 

Nakano 

Midori 

29 

Kxtaro 

Dinuba. 

Oto 

Motono 

20 

KiVOSA) 

Garden   Grove. 

10/29/18 

Kokubu 

Setsu 

21 

M. 

922  S.  HiU  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

Kendo 

Kou 

22 

K. 

428  N.  Main  st.,  Los  Angeles. 

1/1919 

Imamura 

Kome 

26 

y. 

R.F.D.,  bo.'  78,  Newcastle. 

2/10'19 

Mori  t  a 

Masano 

20 

i\. 

1424  Tulare  st.,  Fresno. 

1/  1/19 

Hey  a 

Takune 

21 

Y. 

Yuba    City. 

2/19/19 

Nishi 

Kikuyo 

22 

S. 

R.F.D.,  Sacramento. 

1/11/19 

Toshida 

Isayo 

18 

Y. 

R.F.D.  2,  box  14k,  Stockton. 

Tanimoto 

Ham 

18 

W. 

R.F.D.,    El   Dorado. 

Aokl 

Mitsunc 

Utah.* 

3/  9/19 

Shintaku 

Kikuno 

18 

z. 

R.F.D.  3,  box  40c,  Lodi. 

148 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


Births 

Surname 

Wife 

Age 

Husband 

10/  1/18 

Amano 

Isuno 

22 

T. 

6/10/19 

Mitori 

Katsume 

18 

K. 

12/19/18 

Inouye 

Sayeno 

20 

y. 

Saiki 

Kimi 

28 

MihIjI 

Sakusal 

Koo 

22 

JinsaVi: 

MIzota 

Tomoyo 

21 

Saizo 

12/10/18 

Kawashlma 

Sol 

24 

Nisabnno 

UlKashi 

Tama 

20 

H. 

10/26/18 

Mltsuhlro 

Suye 

25 

M. 

Uchiyama 

Qui 

3d 

A. 

2/17/19 

Nlshiyoma 

Tome 

19 

T. 

Wakabayshl 

Yoii 

27 

'/enjiro 

Yoshidu 

Kame 

20 

Nakaye 

PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING 

JANUARY    3 

Asakawa 

Tsui 

IS 

Ilakutero 

Itonaga 

Miki 

23 

K. 

8/19/18 

Murakami 

Miyo 

24 

Mataki 

Kaneshige 

Tona 

21 

T. 

NanjI 

Fujiye 

18 

M. 

11/18/18 

Saka^ucbi 

Kiku 

32 

T. 

Takeno 

Tano 

46 

T. 

Mayekawa 

Saki 

19 

0. 

Hasegawa 

Tsuchijo 

19 

S. 

Sata 

Tsuru 

25 

N. 

3/30/19 

Nomura 

Mika 

19 

S. 

Tinida 

Sumi 

19 

M. 

Tanaka 

Koyumi 

19 

Tonitaro 

Tkezaki 

Chiju 

2> 

Kuyo 

11/23/18 

Hiramoto 

Yone 

19 

Tomiyemoii 

Nichimura 

£sa 

2( 

Jintaro 

Nakamura 

Shidzu 

22 

Yuhacbi 

2/17/19 

Kakima 

Moto 

22 

Kyokichi 

Yanagi 

Namuri 

17 

Kurakiehi 

Shibata 

Kotoya 

23 

Stigaro 

Itonaga 

Mikl 

23 

Kumoyenion 

PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING 

FEBRUARY 

Fuki 

Sakal 

22 

U. 

Hatada 

Mikuno 



A. 

Seklya 

Yoshl 

22 

Z. 

Takal 

Zisbi 

27 

Hakatoro 

Kanno 

Tatsu 

20 

Kesuke 

9/20/19 

Hon 

Mine 

19 

Kuna 

Kawayoye 

Misakl 

23 

HIdewo 

Nokajlma 

Suna 

21 

ZeiklchJ 

Togu»akawa 

Kow 

22 

Taizo 

Fukuda 

TBukino 

18 

T. 

12/23/19 

Aral 

Hakl 

25 

S. 

1/  2/19 

Yoshlda 

Fujiye 

19 

T'. 

12/12/18 

Hayashl 

Tetsuno 

26 

M. 

Yamashita 

Tsukano 

23 

Y. 

12/  2/18 

Nogami 

Sakaye 

20 

S. 

Mori 

Kazuye 

19 

M. 

I&bldasb! 

Takaye 

n 

W. 

Takazuml 

Naka 

33 

H. 

2/26/19 

Miyamura 

MasumI 

23 

K. 

1/  4/19 

Kuwamoto 

Matsuyo 

20 

S. 

Sbimamoto 

Sbukl 

2<» 

R. 

10/26/19 

Inamaeu 

Kuniyo 

39 

K. 

Higucbi 

Tsuneyo 

19 

Y. 

iBblda 

Kazuye 

19 

S. 

NakasuJI 

Toku 

IS 

T. 

1/  8/20 

OJlma 

Ushio 

22 

Toyokl 

Kitaoka 

Masako 

23 

K. 

Nakajlma 

Tosbl 

21 

M. 

Terada 

Ailyo 

32 

T. 

Hasegawa 

MasumI 

22 

A. 

3/  3/19 

Uyeno 

Asa 

21 

S. 

Ichluyu 

Yosbl 

23 

D. 

Hata 

Katsuyo 

22 

J. 

Address  in  Calllornia 


Fresno. 

P.O.  box  48,  Orwood. 

1601   College  av.,  Berkeley. 

P.O.  bo.x  43,  La  Mesa. 

Anaheim. 

.San   Mateo. 

Hrawley. 

210J  N    St.,   Bakersfleld. 

P.O.  box  26,  Seville. 

Santa    Clara. 

Los  .\ngeles. 

P.O.  box  2.~2,  San  Pranclfco. 

P.O.    box   971,    Sangebull   St.,    L 


San  Franci.'Co. 

Stockton. 

Los  Angel?fi. 

Stockton. 

1905  Oolton  ave.,  San  Diego. 

toe  N.  Fifth  St.,  San  Jose. 

Elks  Club,  Merced. 

R.F.D.  1,  box  90,  Woodland. 

Dorin. 

348  E.  Second  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

P.O.  box  2U,  Newcastle. 

P.O.  box  2C0,  Fresno. 

Sacramento. 

Los  Angeles. 

Fresno. 

104-5  S.  Park,  San  Francisco. 

P.O.  box  5,  Fresno. 

R.F.D.,  bjx  63,   Walnut   Grove. 

Stockton. 

Courtland. 

Stockton. 

17,    1918— "TENYO    MARU." 
Glendora. 
P.O.  box  1,  Klink. 
612  N.  6th  St.,  San  Jose. 
R.F.D.   1,  box  180,   Puente. 
1331  M  St.,   Sacramento. 
Ii5    Public    Market,    Los    Angeles. 
760  Wall  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
124  Pacific  ave.,  Sacramento. 
Los  Angeles. 

248  E.  First  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
1222  Third  St.,  Sacramento. 
305  E.  2d  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
235  S.  El  Dorado  St.,  Stockton. 
Niles. 
Alvarado. 

628  Sixth  St.,  San  Jose. 
R.F.D.,  box  106,   Long  Beach. 
R.F.D.  2,  box  41,  Gardena. 
424i  N  St.,  Sacramento. 
12  E.   Perdido   St.,   Santa  Barbara 
R.F.D.  12,  box  396,  Los  Angeles. 
P.O.  box  126,  DInuba. 
Mountain  View. 
1418  Flower  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
R.F.D.,,  Van  Nuys. 
P.O.  box  18,  Stockton. 
P.O.  box  91,  Fulton. 
Fulton. 
Standish. 

503  E.  1st  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
R.F,D.,   box  220,   Fresno. 
P.O.  box  592,  Monrovia. 
531  Grant  ave.,  San  Francisco 


PICTURE    BRIDES. 


149 


PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING    FEBRUARY    22, 
Births  Surname  Wife  Age       Husband 


1918— "NIPPON    MARU. 
Address  In  California 


2/  1/19 

Nishlda 

Snsaao 

21     K. 

VisalJa. 

l/20/l» 

Matsumoto 

Taka 

19     R. 

P.O.  box  56,  San  Fernando. 

Seto 

Yania 

19     Fukutoro 

3500  Twenty  third  st.,  San  Francisco. 

PICTURE 

BRIDES   ARRIVING    MARCH 

8,    1918— "SHINYO    MARU." 

Murayama 

Fude 

Denzaburo 

San  Francisco. 

Fuji 

Kikuno 

Pujisuke 

San  Francisco. 

Iwalde 

Shina 

Shigenobu 

San  Francisco. 

2/11/19 

Hirata 

Umeno 

Inokichi 

Lcs   Angeles. 

12/14/18 

Fukuchi 

Kiriyi 

....  Y. 

P.O.  box  4«4,  Martinez. 

6/  4/19 

Yamada 

Tomoyo 

....   H. 

R.F.D.  1,  box  1,  San  Jose. 

Uyesugi 

Shizuye 

-.-  I. 

R.F.D.  1,  Idaho. 

1/  4/19 

Kobayashi 

Sumiyo 

....  S. 

Box   234,   Arlington. 

10/  8/19 

Matsuaka 

Asa 

....  K. 

P.O.  box  2,  Grafton. 

Shiinanoto 

Kyo 

....  T. 

P.O.  box  141,  6  Main  St..  Lodl. 

Hayami 

Usa 

....  0. 

820  Anacapa  st.,  Santa  Barbara. 

Toshimura 

Tomie 

....  T. 

542  Fifth  st ,  San  Diego. 

HIrakame 

Shige 

....  K. 

P.O.  box  21,  Guadalupe. 

Ikomo 

Shige 

....  8. 

P.O.  box  61,  Lodi. 

Yokomichi 

Haruye 

....  Y. 

126  K  St.,  Sacramento. 

10/  4/19 

Kimura 

Ohika 

Sadakichi 

,308  Jackson  st.,  Los  Angeles. 

Saupel 

Haru 

Yeroku 

R.F.D.  3,  box  1,  San  Diego. 

Tajima 

Tomiye 

Yeucsaburo 

P.O.  box  78,  Holt. 

Takahashi 

Fuke 

._..  K. 

345J  Jackson  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

1/25/19 

Murakoshi 

Miye 

__..  Uhei 

Santa  Barbara. 

Okube 

Katsuyo 

Sh'iza 

Care  California  Rce  Co.,  Colusa. 

Watanabe 

Hisa 

Matakich! 

Los  Angeles. 

1/11/19 

Funiya 

Taki 

Toyoko 

Guadalupe. 

Yamagishi 

Kimiya 

romek'o'ni 

P.O.  box  59,  Guadalupe. 

Yego 

Wai 

Yosliitaro 

R.F.D.  1,  box  905,  Lcs  Angeles. 

PICTURE     BRIDES    ARRIVING     MARCH 

23,     1918— "PERSIA     MARU." 

11/30/19 

Shinamura 

Chei 

....  Kohachi 

San  Gabriel. 

Gyotoku 

Toki 

Tatsusaburo 

Watsonville. 

Oyama 

Mitsu 

Toichi 

San    Francisco. 

Tanoue 

Momeo 

Nikuma 

Los  Angeles. 

2/  8/19 

Katsuki 

Hisa 

Pusajiro 

Stockton. 

Hirose 

Toehi 

Gentaro 

Stockton. 

Morita 

Kou 

....  N. 

Fresno. 

Nishi 

FukI 

....  S. 

P.O.  box  129,  Lemoore. 

4/27/19 

Mayeda 

Hisano 

....  R. 

P.O.   box  193,   Sanger. 

Konishi 

Matsuye 

....   Y. 

250  First  St.,   Los  Angeles. 

Fujihara 

Moto 

....   S. 

220  N.  San  Pedro. 

Nakao 

Waki 

....  K. 

2919  Pine  St.,  San  Francisco. 

Hada 

Mitsuye 

....  M. 

P.O.  box  534,  Penryn. 

8/23/19 

Nakashima 

'Kyu 

Kamataro 

4318  California  St.,  San  Francisco. 

PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING    APRIL 

7,    1918— "KOREA    MARU." 

1/17/19 

Nakashimi 

Kimi 

Yaohachi 

Alameda. 

5/20/19 

Koike 

Koginu 

....  P. 

1419   Fourth    St.,   Sacramento. 

Azuma 

Tora 

Sugelchi 

P.O.  box  52,  East  San  Pedro. 

a/19/19 

Takemoto 

Riu 

....   Toyokichi 

1226  Third  St.,  Sacramento. 

5/  3/19 

Akahori 

Umeji 

Mitsuo 

R.F.D.,  box  29,  Del  Rey. 

Nakagawa 

Kono 

Kyngoro 

P.O.  box  24.  Oakdale. 

4/  6/19 

Kondo 

Tow  a 

Hisaye 

P.O.  box  255,  Biggs. 

Yamaguchi 

Fune 

Yoshitaro 

P.O.  box  574,  Upland. 

Iwai 

Tsuneyo 

....   S. 

Marysville. 

5/  1/19 

Y^amane 

Miyaki 

GenkichI 

R.F.D.  1,  box  139,  El  Monte. 

4/13/19 

Tanaka 

Yukiko 

__..  Santsuehi 

P.O.   box  215,  Newcastle. 

5/31/19 

Kaneko 

Yasuno 

....  Kuroklchi 

326  Jackson  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

7/11/19 

Hayashi 

Toyo 

....  Chuklehi 

70  King  St.,  San  Francisco. 

Nakamura 

Shidzuki 

....  Ujiro 

P.O.  box  921,  Brawley. 

Haljima 

Tsune 

Jokutaro 

San    Bernardino. 

5/22/19 

Inouiye 

Toku 

Zeneiro 

919  G  St..  Fresno. 

150 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING    APRIL    21,    1918— "SI  BERI A    MARU." 
Births         Surname  Wife  Age      Husband  Address  in  California 


1/25/19 

Aokl 

Sue 

Zenya 

P.O.    box   518,    Vacaville. 

2/14/19 

Kamamaru 

Kise 



Bunkichl 

Stockton. 

Nakazono 

Sakae 



YaichI 

Hrawley. 

Takemlya 

Kazu 



.  Senjiro 

San  Pedro. 

9/16/19 

Hataf 

Motoyo 



.   HidekichI 

Box  201,  Fresno. 

Minamoto 

Tameyo 



.  Saichl 

P.O.  box  fi05,  Fowler. 

Kuwata 

Tane 



Gentaro 

I. OS  Angeles. 

YoBhinaga 

Kazu 



.  Seimltsu 

R.F.D.  25,  Riverside. 

Sbimada 

Yakuye 



TorakichI 

R.F.D.  3,  East  Park. 

4/23/19 

Sakatani 

Yoshi 



Kanekicbi 

46  K.  Lafayette  st.,  Stockton. 

Nakamoto 

Tsutaro 



Kaiehi 

P.O.  box  154,  Auburn. 

5/  9/19 

Takaoka 

Suzuyo 



Zentaro 

P.O.  box  303,  Sierra   Madre. 

Nakamura 

Itono 



.  Masutaro 

P.O.   box   ;o,   Reedley. 

6/  0/19 

Shimadu 

Asa 



Kenichi 

Fre.'no. 

Morita 

Kaku 



.  Isaburo 

161.")  Buchanan  St.,  San  Francisco. 

8 '28/19 

Kubota 

Matajl 



Akira 

Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 

5/15/19 

Nishihara 

Shite 



.Shikokichi 

Fresno. 

Nakashige 

rume 



Yeizo 

1691  Seventh  st.,  Oakland. 

Tanaka 

Matsuye 



Shigejiro 

1603  Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 

Hoshino 

Kou 



.  Imayemon 

1814  Post  St.,  San  Franci.-co. 

Oshika 

Tsun 



Shoshiro 

Sacramento. 

7/  1/19 

Uamaguchi 

Tei 

-  — 

Yoshimatsu 

.^an   Pedro. 

PICTURE 

BRIDES 

ARRIVING    MAY  6, 

1918— "TENYO    MARU." 

Nishimoto 

Sakio 

2a 

Tarchiro 

1,%7  Thinl   st..  Seramento. 

Akogi 

Mura 

32 

Kengo 

■i-224  Santa  Clara  st..  Alameda. 

Ogino 

Hamyo 

21 

D. 

San  Diego. 

12/24/19 

Sato 

Etsu 

18 

T. 

.\lameda. 

Twamura 

Shizu 

29 

J. 

Courtland. 

Koga 

Taka 

20 

G. 

Bakersfleld. 

6/15/19 

Masuda 

Mikl 

28 

U. 

South   Park. 

2/  1/19 

Tawara 

Sada 

22 

M. 

Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 

8/  5/19 

Kojima 

Tome 

23 

G. 

Main  St.,  Colusa. 

7/19/19 

Tamamoto 

Yoshino 

18 

Hirogi 

P.O.  box  8,  Castroville. 

Pukumitsu 

Ichi 

28 

Tameichi 

Marigold. 

6/  7/19 

Ma8ui 

Yasuuo 

28 

HorukichI 

P.O.  box  23,  Thornton. 

1/26/19 

Nishikawa 

Sakiyo 

20 

Wasaku 

4Xi  Wall  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

5/13/19 

Shiosaki 

Yetsu 

24 

Otomatsu 

P.O.  box  614,  Monterey. 

Nishi 

Sho 

22 

Shofuke 

404  K  First  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

NigTichl 

Shigeye 

21 

Kyuzo 

R.F.D.,    box   202,   Anaheim. 

4/  1/19 

Tamura 

Kiyo 

20 

Ruikichi 

P.O.    box   274,    Stockton. 

Kusa 

Sumiye 

21 

Kantoro 

1401  Fourth  St.,  Sacramento. 

3/10/19 

Matsuo 

Sakaye 

23 

Ikuro 

2370  S.   Colorado   St.,   Pasadena. 

Hamabe 

Iki 

24 

Kyuzo 

10C5  E.   Fourteenth   St.,  Los  Angeles. 

Takiguclil 

Suye 

37 

YosukichI 

P.O.  box  82,  Florin. 

NishI 

Swaye 

21 

Saichiro 

2(;2  Center  st.,  Stockton. 

Tazuchl 

Umo 

34 

Kamekichi 

404  E.   First  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

2/26/19 

Watanabe 

Kimu 

23 

Kunetoro 

Kings    City. 

3/29/19 

Serizawa 

Saki 

20 

Gisaburo 

P.O.  box  46,  Pasadena. 

GoEbika 

Misawo 

25 

Raochi 

Sacramento. 

3/  3/19 

Matsuura 

Kimiwo 

22 

Shoyemon 

Mountain  View. 

4/12/19 

Kimura 

Tama 

21 

Yoshimatsu 

Sacramento. 

Nakamoto 

Wasa 

24 

Kyuhei 

Stockton. 

5/  1/19 

Okabe 

Asawo 

19 

Umenosuke 

R.F.D.  2,  box  98b,  Walnut  Grove. 

PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING    MAY    23, 

1&18— "SHINYO    MARU." 

Naitou 

Mitsue 

Manzo 

Kl   Dorado   St.,   Stockton. 

Sakata 

Satsuki 



Torazo 

Fresno. 

3/21/19 

Fukiage 

Matsu 



Kosaku 

Del    Rey. 

Inoue 

Tsuru 

Kanieaki 

San    Jose. 

Shoji 

Tora 



Tokiye 

810  California  St.,  San  Francisco. 

6/10/19 

Kato 

Tsuniye 



Taranosuke 

P.O.  box  28,  Wilmington  St.,  Los  A. 

11/22/19 

Ishikawa 

Yoshi  ye 



Yoshimatsu 

P.O.  box  24,  East  San  Pedro. 

Hamaoka 

Chiye 



Sadazo 

P.O.  box  13,  East  San  Pedro. 

HayashI 

Noye 



M. 

1948  Bush   St.,  San   Francisco. 

Ando 

Mura  ye 



Yoshio 

R.F.D.,  box  483,  San  Jose. 

Nakamura 

Ai 



Shinkichi 

Sebastopol. 

YukI 

Sumino 



Hitoshi 

I.'i35  Kern   St.,   Fresno. 

4/24/19 

TakagI 

Kiyo 



Kensuke 

Lcs  Angeles. 

5/16/19 

Yanagi 

Shiwo 



Gonkichi 

410  Grant  ave.,  San  Francisco. 

Nagata 

Toyoko 



Klchijiro 

164  Harold  ave.,  San  Francisco. 

Matsushita 

Fumi 



Tetfluzo 

San   Francisco. 

I'ICTURK    BRIDES. 


151 


PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING    JUNE    9,    1918— "PERSIA    MARU." 
Birlbs         Surname  Wife  Age      Husband  Address  in  California 


Sakada 

Sono 

Kamoyfiinn 

Oku 

Masaya 

Masanojo 

Yonoklda 

KohanI 

Tcliiinatsu 

Takao 

Namo 

Masaichl 

il-2(]/l9 

Tanaka 

Kuuiaye 

ShIntaro 

Nishino 

Kota 

.--.  Kanlchi 

Tan  Ilk  a 

Kiku 

....  SiikelchI 

Kurisu 

Hnnano 

....  ,Tiro 

5/24/10 

Kaduwaki 

Tsurno 

....  Kcnyo 

Katsuma 

Yashi 

-...    Yuklo 

Kawashima 

Sliidznye 

....   Yeiki 

Matzuno 

To  mo 

....  MataklchI 

Shinomoto 

Tamo 

....  r. 

Kimura 

Kika 

....  T. 

4/  1/19 

Inouje 

Kiyoko 

Masao 

Kakudo 

Yayo 

._-  Kohni 

Hirataka 

Masa 

..--  Soiji 

Tsucliimoto 

Kina 

Kicliiinatju 

9/29/19 

Hirata 

Kikuko 

Tadaslii 

Okawa 

Tor  a 

Fusakichl 

6/J8/19 

Yamanaka 

Tora 

ITacliiro 

Touyama 

Shidziino 

Masaharu 

Higuchl 

Fuku 

Siiiro 

5/  8/19 

Ono 

Kawayo 

Bunsaku 

3/25/19 

Nemoto 

Shimo 

Mauabu 

4/15/19 

Tanaka 

SeikI 

Kunisuke 

Siiinomoto 

Fude 

....  S. 

Shingn 

Kiwa 

Nobuo 

Yasuda 

Chiye 

Tsunckicln' 

Mljumoto 

Tsuya 

Torakichi 

15  Seventh  st.,  Oxnard. 

R.F.D.    ],   box   85,    Lindsay. 

411    Ocean   av.,  New   Monterey. 

I'.O.   box  512,  Vacaville. 

R.F.D.  1,  box  11,   Florin. 

P.O.   box  394,  San   Pedro. 

VVasliinKton    St.,    .San    Francisco. 

R.F.D.  8.  box  802,  Los  Angeles. 

Stockton. 

811  S.  Olive  St.,  lA>s  Angeles. 

Los  Angeles. 

Nile.s. 

li-leton. 

244    W.    Colorado    St.,    Pa.sadcna. 

133  Main   St.,   Wat.sonville. 

P.O.   box  C7,   Salinas. 

P.O.   box  188,   Milpitas. 

P.O.   box  152,  Ducor. 

R.F.D.    A,    box    236,    Dinuba. 

Sanville. 

R.P.D.,  box  83,  Florin. 

R.F.D.  4,  box  1310,  Sacramento. 

R.F.D.  1,  box  201,  Gardena. 

P.O.  box  8,  Simons  .>^t.,  Los  Angeles. 

Alameda. 

16)1  Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 

Watsonville. 
Sonoma. 
P.O.    box   36,   East    Sun    Pdlro. 


PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING    JUNE    30,    1918— "KOREA    MARU." 

San    Jose. 

Long   Beach. 

R.F.D.   C,  box  31.),   San   Jose. 

P.O.  box  616,  Vacaville. 

IS-i  Main   St.,   Watsonville. 

307  Decatur  st.,   Monterey. 

P.O.  box  232,  Riverside. 

Parlior. 

1401  Fourth  St.,  Sacramento. 

San   Bernardino. 

1511  Kern  St.,  Fresno. 

Orwood. 

Watsonville. 

Fresno. 

R.F.D.,   Loomis. 

R.F.D.  2,  box  1.517,  Sacramento. 

1835  San  Pablo  av.,  Oakland. 

708  E.   First  St.,   Los  Angeles. 

13  San  Juan  rd.,  Watsonville. 

P.O.  box  141,  East  San   Pedro. 

9201    W.    Sixty-flrst   St.,    Los    Angeles. 

Red  Bluff. 

P.O.   box  126,   Redondo. 

Stockton. 

5  Beacon  Tract,  Stockton. 

R.F.D.    2,    box    201a,    Santa    Barbara. 

P.O.  box  4C,  Walnut   Grove. 


11/29/19 

Hoshida 

Toku 

18 

Juzo 

Inamura 

Teri 

1~) 

Hikita 

Tsunoyal 

Massaye 

20 

Yonekichi 

11/  7/19 

Takemori 

Mitsuye 

22 

Goujiro 

Yamamoto 

Fuku 

34 

Iwamatsu 

Okumuru 

Tsune 

22 

Yagoro 

Doi 

Kiku 

24 

Grnicliiro 

4/2S/19 

Nakamura 

Ikuyo 

20 

Chusaburo 

7/10/19 

Takahara 

Masuye 

20 

Shikolo 

Iwatsubo 

Matsuye 

23 

Masutoro 

(ITj/W 

Tasliima 

Kinu 

22 

MinoRoro 

Shimidzu 

Sachi 

2:'. 

Kiyoslii 

Inuzuka 

Tsune 

21 

Ycisaburo 

Umino 

Naka 

20 

Oonkiehi 

5/15/19 

Nagai 

Kyano 

22 

Konosuke 

Yamoshita 

Mosu 

2G 

Kyuzo 

Mayeda 

Chii 

21 

Yeikichi 

Kawose 

Mineyi 

25 

Gitaro 

s/-:o/i9 

Fujikl 

Misaye 

23 

To  mo  go 

Ito 

Kameno 

43 

Otogusu 

87  2/19 

Ishikata 

Chiyeno 

•n 

Talsuyo 

7/  8/19 

Kubota 

Masa 

IS 

Masatoro 

2/  6/19 

Shirai 

Haru 

c: 

Seitaro 

10/  4/19 

Yamanchi 

Koto 

22 

Yorijiro 

6/  4/19 

Kato 

Yane 

IS 

Isaku 

5/29/19 

Fujii 

Tomoye 

1) 

Kaki";lii 

Nishioka 

Yakayo 

2) 

Kulatoro 

152 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


PICTURE    BRIDES   ARRIVING   JULY   9,    1918— "SI  BERI A    MARU." 
Births         Surname  Wife  Age      Husband  Address  in  California 


7/  1/19 

Hasegawa 

Hiro 

Tokujiro 

6/16/19 

Makumoto 

Kawai 

2) 

Soichi 

Ijlri 

Shizu 

20 

Keitaro 

7/25/19 

Mitsuuchi 

Kuma 

21 

Takamara 

Nonnura 

Kono 

38 

lehinosuko 

Masuda 

WnaunnI 

19 

Katsuj'ro 

9/  1/19 

Saraoka 

Masayo 

21 

Arika 

Kunabara 

Takino 

23 

Shokichi 

7/29/19 

Fujii 

Chisuye 

18 

Tadifhi 

Kohama 

Zuki 

18 

Klichi 

5/30/19 

Mizutani 

Kaneo 

22 

'I\)?oro 

Kobayashf 

Yao 

21 

numfci 

6/10/19 

Shibruga 

Kazuye 

16 

Seiziro 

Eubota 

Sumi 

20 

Zeiji 

Kawamoto 

Miyoko 

18 

Bunieiii 

8/  S/19 

Takayanagi 

Hide 

22 

Tok'itaro 

9/18/19 

HayashI 

Shiroa 

20 

Sciichi 

Nchlko 

Machi 

23 

Uo^goro 

11/24/19 

Kuroda 

Mitsu 



T 

7/21/19 

Nishlmura 

Mikino 

22 

Chiniclii 

Mine 

Tsune 

36 

Shizukuna 

Matsuura 

Tokigo 

20 

Naoichi 

Harada 

Ryuu 

33 

Tasaburo 

Kurarnoto 

Karu 

26 

'^ndataro 

Tanaka 

Kikuno 

30 

Yochicliino 

5/16/19 

Matsumoto 

Mitsu 

38 

MasaV 

Care   Central   Tubb,   San   Pedro. 

323  First  St.,   Los  Angeles. 

935  F  St.,  Fresno. 

P.O.   box  21,  lYopico. 

1307  Third   St..    Sacramento. 

P.O.  box  44,  Arcadia. 

W9  P  St.,   Fresno. 

P.O.  box  105,  Walnut  Grove. 

R.F.D.   1,  box  121,  Hollister. 

R.F.D.   19,  Gridley. 

R.F.D. ,  box  38,  KIngsburg. 

427  M   St.,  Sacramento. 

P.O.   box  2.   Centerville. 

6  Empire  Tract.  Stockton. 

R.F.D.  1,  box  440,  Los  Angeles. 

928  Pine  St.,  San  Francisco. 

P.O.    box    163,    Miuntain   View. 

R.F.D.,  box  213,  Huntington  Beach. 

Suisun. 

1410   Twenty  first    St.,    Bakersfleld. 

R.F.D.   1,  box  22,  Los  Angeles. 

R.F.D.  7.  box  37.   Los  Angeles. 

392   Tenth   St..   Oakland. 

P.O.  box  C6,  East  San  Pedro. 

P.O.   box  72,  Alvarado. 

823  S.  Grand  av.,  Los  Angeles. 


PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING    JULY    23,    1918— "TENYO    MARU. 


I  to 

Tome 

5/31/19 

Kino 

Zuki 

Amano 

Zoshize 

Iwasaki 

Kikuye 

Fujino 

Zumi 

Uyeda 

Kameyo 

Nishigorl 

Kano 

Toyofulsu 

Tori 

7/21/19 

Miyake 

Nobuye 

Mitoma 

Ai 

Aoyagi 

Mitsugo 

4/29/19  ? 

Nagao 

Chizu 

7/l.')/19 

Yamagaml 

Tomoki 

5/18/19 

Shiraki 

Toyo 

Ota 

Kuni 

5/  3/19 

Nishimura 

Wasa 

Ogawa 

YukI 

Takashimada 

Takei 

Minamide 

Koma 

Kushi 

Kunoge 

KawauchI 

Iwaye 

5/26/19 

Kaneno 

Masaye 

Nakaya 

Yoshiye 

5/14/19 

Higashi 

Ayano 

Tsuruoka 

Yaeno 

Nyeno 

Tome 

8'12/19 

Nishimura 

Tome 

5/12/19 

Hasigawa 

Shinobu 

Nokura 

Misawo 

5/17/19 

Kata 

Kitsu 

,6/  7/19 

Ftijimosa 

Chigo 

Uyeno 

Zone 

19  Chojiro 

25  Markichi 

33  Suyeinatsu 

29  Toyoharu 

25  Suzekichi 
21  Hichito 
21  Matahichi 

29  Y. 

21  M. 

30  I. 
!M  K. 
25 

V<  U. 

19  .S. 
38  M. 
29  K. 

23  Tadaki 

17  Yasutaro 

20  Seitaro 

20  Kojiro 

24  Nobutaro 
24  Jinzo 

22  Kurasuke 
in  Teiichi 

21  Saichi 

26  Keijiroo 
20  UichI 

20  Zoshitaka 
2.'?  Gonetaro 

21  Jiro 


Long  Beach. 

633  S.  Ohio  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

Care  Ken,   Amano,   Wanto   Co. 

land. 
SOe  Harrison  St.,  Oakland. 
Auburn. 

R.F.D.,    box  901,    Los    Angeles. 
2117  Haste  St..  Berkeley. 
1406  Fourth  St.,  Sacramento. 
P.O.  box  11,  Los  Altos. 
Clarksburg. 

Dinuba  and  Clarksburg. 
Sacramento. 
Salinas. 
Mountainville. 

1601  Geary  St.,  San  FraniifCu. 
1136  Third  St.,   Sacramento. 
632  Wall  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

Palms,   P.O.  box  46,  Vacaville. 

539  Eighth  St.,  San  Diego. 

Care  Aki  Co.,  Santa  Monica. 

P.O.   box  90,   Folsom. 

1734  Baker  St.,  San  Francisco. 

P.O.  box  98,  Isleton. 

921    China    alley.    Malaga,    Fresno. 

15  9  Cahuenga  av.,  Hollywcod. 

i\%  L  St.,   Sacramento. 

R.F.D.  2,  box  41,  Los  Angeles. 

P.O.    box  223.   Stockton. 

Bra\v|oy. 

234   Fourth   St..   Hollister. 


Oak 


PICTURE   BRIDES. 


153 


PICTURE     BRIDES    ARRIVING    AUGUST    12,     1918— "SHINYO    MARU." 

Hirths  Surname  Wife  Age       Husband  AdtlroHS  in  California 


Hieda 
lida 

Tome 

Nasaye 

21 

Kwanfel 

Kid  a 

Miohiye 

19 

Kiyoji 

10/30/19 

Akiyama 

'JVtsu 

22 

nojiro 

e/27/19 

Kazchaya 

Sliimaye 

18 

Hama 

4/13/19 

HayashI 

Yayoshi 

Doi 

Iku 

27 

Kurakichi 

10/23/19 

Iwamoto 

'i'aka 

25 

Ocunosuka 

Kono 

Toyo 

2> 

KuniklchI 

Nalfamura 

Kame 

30 

Genkichi 

6/22/19 

Onoda 

Toki 

32 

Tnkejiro 

Hiramo 

Hisaoo 

20 

Sontaro 

Tanaka 

Nasa 

24 

Makckichi 

7/2'>/19 

Chiba 

Isuni 

29 

Rugusuke 

6/26/19 

Nakakama 

Miki 

24 

Komasuke 

Kuvvada 

Natsu 

20 

WahichI 

7/14/19 

Kasliiki 

Taka 

18 

Umekiehi 

Tsuida 

Nanige 

20 

Motosuke 

Matoba 

Ohitose 

21 

Fozoiehi 

S/24/19 

Iwaoka 

Yei 

22 

Kamekichi 

Idemoto 

Tamano 

20 

Zenichi 

Onishi 

SIn'mogo 

IS 

Slioji 

Amano 

Murne 

26 

Yoshiwo 

Hirukawa 

ISO 

30 

Yonekichi 

P.O.  box  215,  Klngsburg. 

P.O.  box  43,  Wendovcr. 

110  N.  San  Pedro  st.,  Los  Angelos. 

H.F.D.  2,  box  275,  Long  Beach. 

147  Tulare  St.,   Fresno. 

P.O.  box  30O,  .Sanger. 

R.F.D.   1,    box  458,   Pasadena. 

P.O.  box  5<j4,  nrawlcy. 

140  Main   St.,    Watsonville. 

Holland,  Contra  Costa  County. 

1421   Cai:fomla  st.,  San  FranclscD. 

Venice. 

Pfjnd,  via  McFarland,  Kern  County. 

227  Jack.son  St.,  San  Jose. 

P.O.  box  65,  Imperial. 

P.O.  box  914,  San  Pedro. 

R.F.D.  1,  box  346,  I>08  Angeles. 

No.  14,  O.  K.  Co.,  Santa  Monica. 

R.F.D.,   box  9,  Saratoga. 

Heber. 

1842  Fillmore  st.,  San   Francisco. 

2984  Wafhington  St.,  San  Franeitc  •. 


PICTURE    BRIDES   ARRIVING    SEPTEMBER    15,    1918— "KOREA    MARU." 

Hood. 

Los   Angeles. 
8/1.3/19     Mizukami  Haruno  26    Hikosabro        Los    Angeles. 

323  M  St.,  Sacramento. 

Box   91,    Isleton. 
10/  1/18     Hamada  Shidzuye  22    Sadaichi  232  America  ave.,  Long  Beach. 

R.F.D.   14,  box  663,   Los  Angeles 

R.F.D.  96,  Newcastle. 

2605  Telegraph  ave.,  Berkeley. 

R.F.D.    1,   box  230,   Brawley. 
8/25/19     Hirayama  Kiku  19     Goro  San   Lorenzo. 

465  Turner  st.,  Los  Angeles. 

Santa   Paula. 

P.O.   box   106,   Los   Angeles. 

317  K.   First  St.,   Los  Angeles. 
11/12/20     Hattori  'IVugi  21     Seizabuo  Knightsen. 

P.O.    box   59,   Guadalupe. 

Box  221,  Vacaville. 

26  Sausol  St.,  Salinas. 


Fiijimoto 

Haru 

41 

lehisaburo 

Kaga 

Kikuno 

28 

ShimekichI 

Mizukami 

Haruno 

26 

Hikosabro 

Bano 

Tsune 

30 

Yo.=hito 

Yamanaka 

Fusa 

IS 

Kijiro 

Hamada 

Shidzuye 

22 

Sadaichi 

Nakata 

Kaye 

19 

Heichl 

Kubo 

Kiyome 

18 

Shigeichi 

Tatsumoto 

Hana 

19 

Kaichi 

Nowawa 

Mura 

20 

Yoshitaro 

Hirayama 

Kiku 

19 

Goro 

Yamaguchi 

Katsu 

21 

Iwozo 

Sato 

Kesa 

32 

Shutaro 

Murakami 

Tamaroo 

19 

Sciichi 

Y'agasaki 

Tsuta 

33 

Yosaku 

Hattori 

'IVugi 

21 

Seizabuo 

Kikuchi 

Shige 

2-> 

Sun'chlro 

Tsuji 

Takiyc 

22 

Yoshitaro 

Yoshida 

Teru 

23 

Hisashi 

PICTURE   BRIDES  ARRIVING  SEPTEMBER  28,   1918— "SI  BERl  A    MARU." 

.\laineia. 

R.F.D.   1,   box  212,   Redondo    Beach. 

18  9  Kern  st.,  Fresno. 
.3787  Budlong  ave.,  Los  Angeles. 
2801  W.  Seventh  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
R.F.D.   4,  box  13b,   Sebastopol. 
905  G   Sit.,   Fresno. 
P.O.  box  103,  Baldwin  Park. 

P.O.  box  64,  K.  San  Pedro. 
R.F.D.,    3   John   st..    Riverside. 
1(5  Pilot  Butte  ave.,  Rock  Spring. 

19  N.  Olive  St.,  Alhambra. 
R.F.D.   1,   oox  26a,  El   Cajon. 
Stockton. 

Jackson  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
P.O.   box  35,   Mt.  Eden. 
R.F.D.  3,  box  52,  Los  Angeles. 
Los  Angeles. 
Sacramento. 

P.O.  box  123,  East  San  Pedro. 


7/14/19 

Tamashita 

Mitsuc 

Hichitaro 

8/  9/19 

Sugino 

Ryoye 

Masami 

10/22/19 

Y'amamoto 

Yukiye 

— -  Yuji 

Sakai 

Yone 

Mitsujiro 

Ishida 

Mikiye 

Yasuyuki 

:0/13/19 

Karamatsu 

Nobu 

Waichi 

Toshiro 

Tsuki 

Yetoro 

Miyagazuku 

Yuki 

Gensei 

Hamamoto 

Yayo 

Yoshimatsi 

7/  5/19 

Tsujiraoto 

Yasu 

Sadakichi 

Honda 

TSuru 

Asajiro 

Yano 

Fii.1iyo 

Sugimatsu 

Nako,ii 

Otsuma 

Tsuneichi 

Yamaguchi 

Rei 

RuichI 

Okimoto 

Hide 

Riuji 

7/  4/19 

Mikame 

Fuku 

Jinzo 

Kohori 

Kane 

Sazo 

Yamada 

Yei 

Fukakichi 

Kato 

Hatsu 

Yuzo 

Shimosawa 

Tei 

Tomekichi 

154 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


PICTURE    BRIDES   ARRIVING    OCTOBER    7,    1918— "TENYO    MARU.' 
Births         Surname  Wife  Age      Husband  Ad<1re>!s  in  Calilorniu 


Pujfta 

Yoshi 

18 

Sukenobu 

9/12/19 

Matsuoka 

Sugue 

20 

Motoki 

Hoshimoto 
Uchimlya 

Chle 
Ren 

20 
28 

Yeusuke 

Yakor 

Tsuma 

20 

Kaijiro 

9/  8/19 

AkaboshI 

Teru 

22 

Yenkichi 

12/  3/19 

Sonoda 

Wai 

23 

Togara 

Fiijimoto 

Miju 

32 

Matabei 

Moruchl 

Hi»aD0 

21 

Heigoro 

7/29/19 

Otsube 

Koto 

21 

Shotaro 

9/21/19 

Matsuo 

Naka 

28 

Tsurukichi 

Mizusakl 

Konami 

20 

Hachiro 

Shiraishi 

KIkuno 

24 

Shobei 

12/10/19 

Hiramatsu 

Masuno 

21 

Minetaro 

Koshlmidzu 

Teru 

31 

Seisuke 

7/  8/19 

Yumorl 

Shiko 

28 

Kaitsuro 

Minanii 

Shigeno 

30 

Tsurumatsu 

Namba 

Hatsuno 

23 

Harujiro 

Nishimi 

Ren 

18 

Mesuchi 

Ochiai 

Toku 

26 

Sofoto 

Akiyama 

Kase 

33 

Kuichiro 

8/  7/19 

Hirata 

Chiyo 

19 

Kenyo 

9/  4/19 

Deguchi 

Umeo 

29 

Kosakuo 

KobayashI 

Ishiko 

20 

Yenichi 

9/26/19 

Do! 

Yayeno 

21 

Hideichl 

Oka 

Waki 

2o 

Hayakichi 

11/  4/19 

Kaksgawa 

Chisa 

23 

richi 

10/18/19 

Shoda 

Fusa 

19 

Saichi 

Piijioka 

Komito 

20 

Yiishiro 

Tamekazo 

Tami 

41 

Shinkiehi 

Iketani 

Tomeno 

41 

KJchitaro 

PICTURE    BRIDES    ARRIVING 

DECEMBER 

Fiikumoto 

Shidzuno 

18 

Choichi 

Suyehiro 

Takeno 

21 

Tarawo 

Ito 

Tami 

21 

Taigoro 

Ito 

Tomino 

26 

Ohiukiehi 

Sasamoto 

Haru 

23 

Shinjo 

Shins  jo 

Kise 

36 

Minekichi 

12/  6/19 

Okada 

Kuni 

21 

Seiisuke 

Yoshida 

Suchiye 

19 

Biinyo 

Tanamaehi 

Katsue 

21 

Toryo 

9/26/ 19 

Yomasliita 

A  toku 

24 

Kiisuichi 

10/21/19 

Suzuki 

Yoshi 

23 

Daijiro 

Sakaki 

Kochiyo 

26 

Genshiro 

Morishima 

Tsuru 

35 

Hikoyo 

Kojima 

Sei 

20 

Mataki 

Maemura 

Mei 

34 

Hirohe 

Hashimoto 

Same 

18 

Atsushi 

Shimotzu 

Toyo 

3t 

Tukutoro 

Nakata 

Icbi 

22 

Tusackichi 

Mayegoto 

Kicu 

22 

Gohei 

Matsuta 

Tsukl 

25 

Kosuke 

Yamasakl 

Katsuya 

42 

Yeshitoro 

Shioji 

Sadano 

27 

Isahel 

9/21/19 

Ito 

Rika 

20 

Shoji 

Tamaki 

Hanaye 

25 

Genjiro 

6/19/19 

Miura 

Tami 

25 

Olosnyemon 

Uchimura 

Yiikino 

11) 

Kanesuke 

10/21/19 

Okabayashi 

Yoshi  mi 

20 

Minoru 

10/  1/19 

Shima 

Yoshiko 

21 

Tamari 

Has^gawa 

Uno 

31 

Wakamotsu 

Oto 

Harumi 

18 

Kenruko 

Inaba 

Kiku 

19 

Heisaku 

10/22/19 

Miyamura 

Shigel 

30 

Tisutoro 

Okamoto 

Takeshi 

27 

Gengoro 

Taniguehi 

Kiku 

22 

Tyo 

Fukano 

Masuyo 

20 

Teti-unosuke 

Kato 

Kime 

26 

Jiro 

2409  California  st.,  San  Franciico. 
Roseville. 
Seattle,  Wash. 
Kl  Centro. 

PO.  box  14.  Stccktcn. 
Battery  st.,  San  Francisco. 
.San  Luis  O!  isp.i. 
Freeport. 
San  Jose. 
Stockton. 
Oxnani. 
Pismo. 
Rcckford. 

144  Hiweth  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
7()e  K.   First  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
P.O.  box  130,  Heber. 
San  Francisco. 

1010  Stockton  St.,  San  Francisco. 
113  Irilmongtcn  St.,  Los  Angeles. 
•16  K.  Lafayette  St.,  Strckton. 
P.O.    box    1010,    Los   Angeles. 
P.O.  box  302.  Garden  Grove. 
R.F.D.  1,  box  75,  Vacaville. 
P.O.  box  106,  Clovis. 
921  -Alley  St..  Fresno. 
R.F.D.,  box  206,  Penryn. 
T  D  St.,  Sonoma. 
Los   Angeles. 
Isletcn. 

(41  .San  Fernando  st.,  Los  Angeles. 
P.O.  box  149,  Burbank. 


R.F.D.  A,  box  449,  San  Jcse. 

Los  .Angeles. 

129  R.   El   Dorado  St.,  Stockton. 

R.F.D.,  Walnut  Grove. 

1625  Third  St.,  Freeport. 

R.F.D.  A.  box  146   Sanger. 

2-233  Kite  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

P.O.  hox  C6,  Aroma. 

R  F.D.  1,   box  272,   Long  Beach. 

Kast  San  Pedro. 

?.-22  White  Point,  Los  Angeles. 

R.F.D.  34,  San  Iv«>andro. 

P.O.   Box  3S2,  Sanger. 

R.F.D.,  box  66,  Garden  Grove. 

iJl    ri  Dorado  St..  Stockton. 

.'350  College  ave.,  Oakland. 

1411   Fourth  St.,  Sacramento. 

.Alvarado. 

R.F.D.,   box  32.   San  Mateo. 

34   S.   Center  St..   Stockton. 

P.O.    bo.x    41,    Xicolaus. 

P.O.  box  :>7,  East  San  Pedm. 

.■?i'.l   Conini?rce  St..  Stockton. 

411  York  ft.,  Vallejo. 

R.F.D.  5.  box  756,  Los  Angeles. 

P.O.  hex  113,  Ventura. 

P.O.  box  5(>o,   Laguna. 

R.F.D.,   box  70,   KI   Centro. 

R.F.D  ,  box  liM.  El  Monte. 

P.O.  box  4S8,  Biawley. 

Wilmington. 

2«2i  Dwight  way,  Berkeley. 

P.O.  box  81,  Elniira. 

Belniont   Hotel,  Belmont. 

I.emoore. 

1Vr\   K.   First  St.,  Los  Angoles. 


PICTURE   BRIDES. 


155 


PICTURE     BRIDES    ARRIVING    DECEMBER    13,     1918— "SI  BERI A     MARU, 
Births         Surname  Wife  Age      Ifusband  Address  In  California 


Tada 

Satsuki 

SlM;.eaku 

Dotte 

Chltose 

Kinsaburo 

Yamanl 

MIyono 

Shuntaro 

Kawamoto 

Asaye 

Iwarnatsu 

Pujlta 

Sasayo 

JInjiro 

Uyenaka 

Shidzuye 

Taketo 

Fujlmura 

Yetsu 

Kiclilsaburo 

10/  9/19     Fiikumorl 

TamI 

....  Nc.buishi 

Nakane 

Mo  to 

Junlchl 

Arakawa 

Kame 

Kamato 

Matsumoto 

Kusuno 

._.  Masajiro 

Noboritate 

Hatsue 

Kanetaro 

Nogami 

Teruyo 

.  ..  Rijohel 

Takasugi 

Tono 

....  Wakamatsn 

Merita 

Ogee 

Muratora 

Ogawa 

Miye 

..„  Yeilchl 

Hososawa 

Shizuka 

RyolchI 

Nanami 

Tsune 

Ichitara 

Ueda 

Tamaye 

..-  Kiiicbl 

Summer  Land. 
1124  Third  St.,  Sacramento. 
23«  W.  Vcrdugo  rd.,  Glendale. 
12*  Third  St.,  Sacramento. 
709  Oak  ave.,  Sacramento. 
P.O.  box  21,  Mt.  Kden. 
Stockton. 

P.O.  box   174,   Lemon  Grove. 
2721   Central   ave.,   Los  Angeles. 
R.F.D.  1,  box  7,  Brawley. 
219  First  St.,   Sacramento. 
P.O.  box  505,  Newcastle. 
R.F.D.  1,  box  21«,  Gardena. 
R.F.D.  2,  box  44a,  Ventura. 
Sacramento. 

1739  Buchanan  st.,  San  Francisco. 
Riverside. 
Santa  Barbara. 
309  M  St.,  Sacramento. 


PICTURE     BRIDES    ARRIVING     DECEMBER    26,    1918— "SHINYO     MARU." 


12/19/19 

Tanabo 

Chiyone 

20 

Vuseburo 

Stockton. 

Uyeno 

Hatsuyo 

29 

'Jolchi 

Visalia. 

Suzuki 

Aino 

23 

Chik)sM 

Santa  Barbara. 

Takeda 

Shidyake 

21 

Kuraoyo 

R.F.D.,  Elk  Grove. 

Sato 

Mitzu 

26 

Rcnsuke 

28  Branan  st.,  Watsonvllle. 

Obayashl 

Oteye 

20 

Ryuemon 

R.F.D.  2,  box  8b,  Stockton. 

1/27/20 

Sakal 

Sayo 

22 

M. 

Oourtland. 

Zenle 

Yoshi 

27 

J. 

Colusa. 

Ura 

Han  a 

29 

■'J. 

King  City,  Monterey  County. 

Fukumoto 

Asaye 

S3 

Jptaro 

P.O.  box  403,  Martinez. 

Nakatanl 

Fude 

41 

Tok-njiro 

R.F.D.  2,  box  200,  Whittier. 

Ishida 

Tsui 

33 

Goichi 

R.F.D.  A,  box  221,  Parlier. 

Gekyo 

Kamei 

22 

Takamoto 

132  W.  Washington  St.,  Stockton. 

10/  3/19 

Takech! 

Yukl 

21 

Kuniiikichi 

P.O.  box  5,  Mt.  Eden. 

Sarw 

Shizu 

26 

Sliiizo 

Oakland. 

Shimada 

Kiku 

19 

Seiichi 

P.O.  box  5,  Grafton. 

Shiu 

Sono 

21 

Y. 

Lafayette. 

Ogata 

Fusano 

17 

K. 

Long  Beach. 

Abe 

Kiku 

23 

G. 

Oakland. 

Nishihara 

Kohite 

^8 

S. 

Watsonville. 

Nakamura 

Same 

%■■ 

T. 

Sacramento. 

Nishiyama 

Matzu 

'■A 

S. 

San  Gabriel. 

10/28/19 

I'suru 

Yoshi 

« 

B. 

Sacramento. 

10/21/19 

Matsunaga 

Itsuyo 

21 

Gcnichi 

101  Wi  m:ngton  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

Nakamura 

Chiyono 

i9 

Orichi 

1911  Bush  St.,  San  Francisco. 

10/25/19 

Inouye 

Kimiko 

£0 

Zansocko 

709  Oak  ave.,  Sacramento. 

9/27/19 

Ogawa 

Yoshi 

1-3 

Shutsuichi 

R.F.D.   C,  box  468,  Fresno. 

Akakl 

Mitsuye 

19 

Shigeo 

2925  Lemenet  ave.,  Alameda. 

Salto 

Kinuye 

:S 

Keiiiaeo 

608J  W.  6th   St.,   Los  Angeles. 

Okura 

Tome 

•» 

Kogiro 

280  S.  Grant  ave.,  Pasadena. 

11/13/19 

Ota 

Shigeke 

18 

Oochiro 

1835  San  Pablo  ave.,  Oakland. 

Matsushina 

Kayo 

18 

Yuslike 

Stockton. 

Manji 

Chise 

}^ 

Yoshizo 

R.F.D..  Marysville. 

Honda 

Sato 

26 

Hishakusu 

P.O.  box  26,  Heber. 

Kishima 

Sawaye 

27 

Shunichi 

R.F.D.  1,  box  89,  Los  Angeles. 

12/27/19 

Matsumoto 

Fukuye 

19 

Shitan 

P.O.  box  427,  Sebastipol. 

10/29/19 

Okl 

Kiye 

23 

Hide 

322  M   St.,  Sacramento. 

11/  3/19 

Tamura 

Katsu 

25 

Rikirsuki 

917  Cole  St.,  San  Francisco. 

Kuroyama 

Riu 

;2 

Yertaro 

Bakersfleld. 

Matsuo 

Hisano 

24 

Teninosuke 

660  Samico  st.,  Oxnard. 

Ishll 

Chiye 

'-2 

Rotsuyo 

R.F.D.  1,  box  394d,  Long  Beach. 

Takeshita 

Masayo 

-5 

Yutaka 

Berkeley. 

Section  IX. 
GENTLEMEN'S  AGREEMENT. 


157 


GENTLEMEN'S  AGREEMENT. 

In  this  section: 

(1)  Short  history  of  developments  leading  up  to  adoption  of 
Gentlemen's  Agreement. 

(2)  Effect  of  Gentlemen's  Agreement  on  immigration  direct  to 
continental  United  States. 

(3)  Exclusive  power  given  Japan  under  Gentlemen's  Agreement 
to  determine  who  is  eligible  to  a  passport  to  the  United  States. 

(4)  Ineffectiveness  of  Gentlemen's  Agreement. 

(5)  Occupations  followed  by  Japanese  residing  in  California 
according  to  Yamato  Ichihashi's  "Japanese  Immigration,"  and 
according  to  special  census  1919  by  Japanese  Association  of 
America. 

(6)  Copy  of  Rules  11  and  21  of  Immigration  Department  cover- 
ing the  operation  of  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement., 

(7)  Apparent  failure  of  United  States  immigration  authorities  to 
enforce  strictly  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement. 

(8)  Japanese  immigrants  admitted,  by  years,  from  1909  to  1919. 

(9)  Japanese  laborers  admitted  without  proper  passports  and  those 
admitted  with  passports  who  were  not  entitled  to  them. 

(10)  Circumstances  reported  by  United  States  immigration  author- 
ities for  admitting  these  Japanese  laborers  without  proper  passports. 


159 


gentlemen's  agreement,  161 


GENTLEMEN'S  AGREEMENT. 

In  recent  years  it  has  been  quite  common  practice  in  America  to 
blame  Japanese  for  the  existence  of  the  so-called  Gentlemen's  Agree- 
ment, and  for  many  violations  of  it.  This  appears  hardly  fair  or 
just.  Perhaps  Japan  availed  herself  of  the  opportunities  afforded  by 
the  Gentlemen's  Agreement.  The  real  ground  for  complaint  would 
seem  to  rest  rather  in  what  appears  to  have  been  a  collapse  of  American 
diplomacy  in  consenting  to  the  adoption  of  the  Gentlemen's  Agree- 
ment, and  in  the  subsequent  failure  of  the  United  States  immigration 
officials  to  make  full  use  of  even  the  few  safeguards  that  did  exist 
under  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement. 

Cause  of  Ineffectiveness  in  Restricting  Immigration. 
The  real  basis  for  the  ineffectiveness  of  the;  (lentlemen's  Agreement 
in  restricting  Japanese  immigrant  labor  lies  in  the  fact  that  when 
the  Gentlemen's  Agreement  was  adopted,  the  United  States  surrendered 
to  Japan  her  soverign  right  to  determine  in  each  case  what  immigrants 
should  be  admitted  to  continental  United  States  and  what  immigrants 
should  be  rejected.  Under  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement  this  determina- 
tion rests  entirely  with  Japan.  When  the  Japanese  authorities  issue 
a  passport  in  due  form  to  a  Japanese  emigrating  to  the  United  States, 
whether  laborer  or  non-laborer,  the  United  States  is  bound  to  accept 
the  immigrant  as  falling  within  the  classification  determined  by  the 
Japanese  authorities  (subject,  of  course,  to  the  general  immigration 
rules  affecting  all  immigrants  as  to  health,  moral  character  and 
pauperism.)  The  burden  of  proof  is  not  upon  the  alien  to  show  that 
he  is  admissible  but  is  upon  the  United  States  to  show  that  he  is  not 
admissible.  This  state  of  affairs  is  well  explained  by  the  United  States 
Commissioner-General  of  Immigration,  report  of  June  30,  1919,  page 
290,  in  which  he  has  stated  this  ver^'  clearly  in  the  following  language : 

Misplacement  of  Burden  of  Proof. 

While  none  of  the  laws  on  immigration  heretofore  passed  (except  the  Chinese 
exclusion  laws)  have  contained  any  positive  expression  upon  the  subject  of  burden 
of  proof,  those  laws  have  been  so  framed,  and  the  customs  and  practices  that  have 
grown  up  and  been  established  in  connection  with  their  enforcement  have  been  of 
such  a  character,  that  the  government  has  been  placed  in  the  disadvantageous  position 
of  having  to  prove  in  every  instance  that  an  alien  is  inadmissible,  rather  than  being 
able  to  demand  that  the  alien  should  prove  that  he  was  admissible.  In  other  words, 
we  have  been  in  a  position  (exemplified  so  aptly  by  the  famous  Castro  case),  where 
an  alien  could  knock  at  our  doors  and  upon  being  asked  who  and  what  he  was, 
could  give  his  name  and  then  refuse  to  answer-  any  questions  the  purpose  of  which 
was  to  divulge  his  character  and  antecedents,  and  yet  could  demand  admission 
upon  the  ground  that  we  had  failed  to  show  that  he  was  within  one  of  the  classes 
enumerated  in  the  law  as  inadmissible. 

Obviously  this  situation  is  deplorable.  A  nation,  no  more  than  a  man,  should 
be  placed  in  a  position  where  an  outsider  can  demand  the  opening  of  the  door  without 
giving  a  full  account  of  himself  and  showing  that  he  is  a  fit  person  to  enjoy  the 
hospitality  that  he  seeks.  Another  object  of  the  proposed  bill  is  to  remedy  this 
situation.  This  is  done  by  stating  in  so  many  words  that  the  burden  of  proof  is 
upon  the  alien  applicant.     (Bill  mentioned  above  was  pending  before  Congress.) 


11—4460 


162  CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Developments  Leading  to  Adoption  of  Gentlemen's  Agreement. 
Following  is  giwii  a  short  liistt)ry  of  tlie  developments  leading  up 
to  the  adoption  of  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement  between  the  United 
States  and  Japan,  and  showing  the  subsequent  working  of  the  Gentle- 
men's Agreement.  Thereafter,  on  following  pages,  appear  figures 
taken  from  United  States  immigration  report  showing: 

(1)  Japanese  hmyiigrants  admitted,  by  years,  from  1909  to  1919. 

(2)  Japanese  hihorcrs  admitted  ivithout  proper  passports  and 
those  admitted  with  passports  who  were  not  entitled  to  them. 

(3)  A  tabulation  of  the  circumstances  relating  to  .non-posses- 
sion of  passports  by  these  Japanese  laborers  as  reported  by  United 
States  immigration   authorities. 

Also,  totals  of  Japanese  laborers  admitted  upon  passports 
although  declared  by  United  States  immigration  officers  7iot  entitled 
to  them. 

SHORT   HISTORY   OF   GENTLEMEN'S  AGREEMENT. 

In  the  year  of  1907  the  immigration  into  this  country  from  Japan, 
including  both  laborers  and  nonlaborers,  reached  the  highest  total  in 
the  history-  of  immigration  from  Japan  (30,226  of  all  clas-ses  for  that 
year).  Representations  were  made  to  Congress  that  Japanese  immi- 
grant laborers  were  securing  passports  from  Japan  to  insular  posses- 
sions of  the  United  States,  particularly  Hawaii,  and  to  the  Canal  Zone, 
thereafter  coming  to  continental  United  States  without  the  necessity 
of  a  passport,  having  come  immediately  from  United  States  territory. 
Congress  thereafter  added  to  section  1  of  the  Immigration  Act, 
approved  February  20,  1907,  a  proviso  reading  as  follows: 

Restriction  on   Passports. 

"That  whenever  the  President  shall  be  satisfied  that  passports  issued 
by  any  foreign  government  to  its  citizens  to  go  to  any  country  other 
than  the  United  States  or  to  any  insular  possession  of  the  United 
States  or  to  the  Canal  Zone  are  being  used  for  the  purpose  of  enabling 
the  holders  to  come  to  the  continental  territory  of  the  United  States 
to  the  detriment  of  labor  conditions  therein,  it  is  made  the  duty  of 
the  President  to  refuse  to  permit  such  citizens  of  the  country  issuing 
such  passports  to  enter  the  continental  territory  of  the  United  States 
from  such  countrv  or  from  such  insular  possessions  or  from  the 
Canal  Zone." 

In  the  performance  of  the  duty  imposed  by  this  proviso,  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  on  March  14,  1907,  issued  an  executive 
order  refusing  permission  to  enter  the  continental  territory  of  the 
United  States  to  "Japanese  or  Korean  laborers,  skilled  and  unskilled, 
who  have  received  passports  to  go  to  Mexico,  Canada  or  Hawaii,  and 
come  therefrom." 

The  executive  order  was  reissued  from  time  to  time  and  in  its 
present  language  avoids  specific  reference  to  the  nationality  of  the 
laborers  sought  to  be  excluded. 


gentlemen's  agreement.  163 

Arrival  at  "General  Understanding." 

The  executive  order  of  March  14,  1907,  "was  followed  by  a  general 
understanding  between  the  government  of  the  United  States  and  Japan, 
in  accordance  with  which  the  latter  government  is  continuing  its 
policy  of  discouraging  the  migration  of  its  laborers  to  this  country." 
(Report  of  the  Secretary  of  Conuncrce  and  Labor  for  the  fiscal  year 
ended  June  30,  1908.) 

Construction  in  Favor  of  "Picture  Brides." 

The  Commissioner  Genei'al  of  Immigration,  in  his  report  for  the 
same  year,  states  that  the  law  and  the  proclamation  had  been  ".sup- 
plemented, by  a  general  understanding  with  Japan,  contemplating 
that  the  Japanese  government  shall  issue  passports  to  continental 
United  States  only  to  such  of  its  subjects  as  are  nonlaborers  or  are 
laborers,  who,  in  coming  to  the  continent,  seek  to  resume  a  formerly 
acquired  domicile,  to  join  a  parent,  wife,  or  children  residing  therein, 
or  to  assume  active  control  of  an  already  possessed  interest  in  a 
farming  enterprise  located  in  this  country ;  so  that  the  three  classes 
of  laborers  entitled  to  receive  passports  became  known  as  'former 
residents,'  'parent  wives  or  children  of  residents,'  and  'settled  agri- 
culturists' *  *  *  ."  (It  should  be  noted  that  no  provision  in 
the  law  appears  for  wives  residing  in  Japan  joining  their  husbands 
in  the  United  States.  Nevertheless  it  is  under  this  agreement  that 
United  States  immigration  officials  have  been  admitting  the  so-called 
"picture  brides,"  by  arbitrarily  interpreting  the  words  "to  join  a 
wife"  to  mean  to  join  a  liushand,  also.) 

Basis  of  "Gentlemen's  Agreement." 

This  "general  understanding"  presumably  constitutes  the  basis 
of  what  is  properly  designated  by  the  term  "Gentlemen's  Agreement" 
and  is  but  a  step  in  the  development  of  the  present  mode  of  procedure. 

Japan  Given  Exclusive  Power  to  Determine  Who  Entitled  to  Passport. 

The  result  of  the  diplomatic  negotiations  between  the  United  States 
and  Japan,  which  culminated  in  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement,  was  to 
stop  the  entrance  of  Japanese  immigrant  laborers  to  continental  United 
States  who  succeeded  in  reaching  the  United  States  by  means  of  pass- 
ports to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  the  Philippines,  Canal  Zone  or  other 
localities  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States.  At  the  same 
time  how^ever,  it  opens  the  direct  route  from  Japan  to  the  United 
States  wide  open,  by  giving  to  Japan  the  exclusive  power  of  determin- 
ing who  is  eligible  to  a  passport.  It  appears  altogether  possible  under 
the  present  policy  for  a  Japanese  in  his  home  country  to  apply  for  a 
passport  to  the  United  States  stating  that  he  is  a  farmer,  not  a  laborer, 
and  thus  secure  a  proper  passport.  As  a  matter  of  fact  he  may  be  a 
farmer  in  his  own  country  cultivating  an  area  probably  not  to  exceed 
the  size  of  an  ordinary  city  lot  in  America.  His  passport  is  not 
vised  nor  examined  by  United  States  consul  in  Japan,  but  is  passed 


164  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL, 

upon  the  sole  authority  of  the  Japanese  government.  Arriving  in 
America  this  so-called  farmer  of  Japan  may  have  neither  the  funds 
nor  the  experience  to  engage  as  a  farmer  here,  but  becomes  at  once  a 
farm  laborer.  This  same  illustration  would  apply  in  any  calling.  In 
fact  the  occupation  declared  in  Japan  when  securing  the  passport  is 
no  indication  whatever  of  the  occupation  that  will  be  followed  in  the 
United  States.  In  keeping  with  this  thought  there  is  quoted,  on  the 
following  page,  statistical  information  and  a  discussion  of  the  same 
from  Yamato  Ichihashi's  "Immigration,"  page  21,  issued  in  1915,  in 
which  he  shows  the  economic  status  or  the  different  occupations  of 
Japanese  residents  of  California  at  that  time.  Mr.  Ichihashi  herein 
shows  how  frequently  and  rapidly  Japanese  here  change  from  one 
occupation  to  another.  It  will  also  be  noted  from  his  list  of  occupa- 
tions that  out  of  an  estimated  population  of  55,000  including  women 
and  children,  20,000  are  listed  as  farm  hands.  How  do  these  laborers 
get  here? 


ECONOMIC  STATUS  OF  JAPANESE  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

From  Yamato  Ichihashi's  "Japanese  Immigration,"'  page  21   (1915). 

"Below  is  given  an  estimated  occupational  distribution  of  Japanese 
in  California: 

Occupation  Number 

Officials,   teachers,   clergj^ 120 

Students   1 1.000 

Farmers    4,500 

Farm  hands 20,000 

Merchants 4,000 

Hired  by  merchants 6,000 

Domestic  servants 5,000 

Railway  employees 1,500 

Factories  and  canneries 500 

Salt  field  hands 300 

Others  3,580 

No  occupation 8,500 

Total 55,000 

Though  perhaps  the  best  obtainable  estimate,  none  of  the  above 
figures  should  be  rigidly  interpreted  for  several  reasons.  The  majority 
of  farmers  being  mostly  tenants,  share  or  'contract,'  lack  permanent 
character.  Independent  farmers  of  today  may  become  mere  farm 
hands  tomorrow  and  vice  versa.  The  majority  of  merchants  are  the 
keepers  of  insignificantly  small  shops.  They,  too,  come  and  go  in 
quick  order.  Laborers  are  mostly  unskilled,  therefore  they  shift  from 
one  occupation  to  another,  according  to  seasons,  and,  indeed,  accord- 
ing to  their  whims  and  fancies.  Clerks  may  become  domestic  servants 
at  any  moment.  Domestic  servants  may  take  fancy  to  farms  or  to 
railroads.  Farm  hands  may  become  gang  hands,  and  vice  versa. 
These,  again  may  work  in  canneries.  They  can  shift  about  in  these 
various  occupations  without  any  difficulty,  because,  in  the  first  place, 


gentlemen's  agreement.  165 

nono  of  the  occupations  require  any  hi{?h  degree  of  specialized  skill, 
and  in  the  second  place,  these  Japanese  are  mostly  unmarried  young 
men  between  twenty  and  forty.  A  knowledge  of  English  is 
necessary  in  certain  of  the  occupations,  but  that  too  need  not  be  more 
than  elementary.  There  are  hardly  any  illiterates  among  them  as 
far  as  their  own  language  is  concerned.  Most  young  men  are  gradu- 
ates of  middle  schools  and  have  enough  education  to  qualify  for  any 
of  the  occupations  enumerated.  Those  with  no  occupation  are  mostly 
women  and  children.  In  other  words,  the  table  is  set  forth  simply  to 
give  a  normalized  snapshot  picture  of  the  occupational  status  of  the 
Japanese  in  California.  And  the  most  striking  fact  about  this  picture 
is  the  narrowness  of  the  field  of  Japanese  activity.  Be  that  as  it  may, 
we  will  examine  somewhat  in  detail  the  more  important  of  these 
occupations. 

Japanese  take  to  farms  like  ducks  to  water.  Nearly  50  per  cent 
of  Japanese  immigrants  are  engaged  in  horticultural  and  agricultural 
industries,  either  as  farmers  or  as  farm  hands,  the  latter  predomi- 
nating in  number.  There  are  doubtless  several  reasons  for  this  state 
of  affairs.  For  centuries  Japanese  have  been  an  agricultural  race. 
Japanese  labor  immigrants  here  were  almost  exclusively  drawn  from 
the  agricultural  classes  of  Japan." 

In  further  explanation  of  this  same  idea  there  follows  a  tabulation 
showing  occupations  of  Japanese  residing  in  California  during  1919, 
which  is  taken  from  the  special  census  furnished  to  the  Board  of  Control 
by  the  Japanese  Association  of  America.  (Both  of  the  tabulations  of 
occupations  by  Japanese  in  California  show  the  very  large  per- 
centage of  Japanese  that  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.  This 
may  be  the  reason  why  opposition  to  Japanese  seems  to  be  aimed 
principally  at  the  Japanese  engaged  in  agricultural  lines.) 

OCCUPATIONS   OF   JAPANESE    IN    CALIFORNIA. 

Furnished  by  Japanese  Association  of  America  (Census  Taken  for  1919). 

{Southern  California.  Northern  California. 

Professional   347  Commercial — 

Merchants 1,497       Employers 3,307 

Farmers    3,199       Employees 793 

Nursery 280   Domestic  labor 1,022 

Dairy 61  Agricultural- 
Fishery   543        Employers 4,690 

Miscellaneous 1,128       Employees 10,605 

Clerks    713                                                                . 

Farm  laborers 3,639  20,423 

Fishei-men 724 

Other  workmen —  Women    9,032 

Indoor 1,065    Minors  under  17  years 11,092 

Outdoor 1,432   Others 2,849 

In  and  outdoor 991                                                                

Students   303  43,390 

Women    6,507 

Children —  Subsequent     corrections  —  occupa- 

American  born 7,139        tions  not  stated 4,704 

Japanese  born 960    Southern   California 30,528 

30,528  Total   78,628 


166  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Herewith  are  {jiven  copies  of  Immigration  Rules  Nos.  11  and  21 
based  upon  the  executive  orders  issued  in  connection  with  the 
Gentlemen's  Agreement. 

Rule  11.      Laborers  from   countries  which   grant   limited   passports. 

(From  "Immigration  Laws — Rules  of  November  l.'i.  K>n."  published  by  I'uiled 
States  Department  of  Labor.  Bureau  of  Immigration,  March  10,  1J)13;  second  edition, 
pp.  27,  28,  20.     Washington,  D.  C,  Government  Printing  Office.) 

Subdivision  1.  President's  proelamation.  The  President's  procla- 
mation on  this  subject,  issued  February  24,  11)13,  reads  as  follows: 

Whereas,  by  the  act  entitled  "An  act  to  regulate  the  immigration  of 
aliens  into  the  United  States,"  approved  February  20,  1907,  whenever 
the  President  is  satisfied  that  passports  issued  by  any  foreign  govern- 
ment to  its  citizens  to  go  to  any  country  other  than  the  United  States 
or  to  any  insular  possession  of  the  United  States  or  to  the  Canal  Zone, 
are  being  used  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  holders  to  come  to  the 
continental  territory  of  the  Ihiited  States  to  the  detriment  of  labor 
conditions  therein,  it  is  made  the  duty  of  the  President  to  refuse  to 
permit  such  citizens  of  the  country  issuing  .such  passports  to  enter  the 
continental  territory  of  the  United  States  from  such  country  or  from 
such  insular  possession  or  from  the  Canal  Zone ;  and 

Whereas,  upon  sufficient  evidence  produced  before  me  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce  and  Labor,  I  am  satisfied  that  passports  issued  by 
certain  foreign  governments  to  their  citizens  or  subjects  who  are 
laborers,  skilled  or  unskilled,  to  proceed  to  countries  or  placas  other 
Ihan  the  continental  territory  of  the  United  States,  are  being  used  for 
the  purpose  of  enabling  the  holders  thereof  to  come  to  the  continental 
territory  of  the  United  States  to  the  detriment  of  labor  conditions 
therein : 

I  hereby  order,  that  such  alien  laborers,  skilled  or  unskilled,  be 
refused  permission  to  enter  the  continental  territory  of  the  United 
States. 

It  is  further  ordered,  that  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor  be, 
and  he  hereby  is,  directed  to  take,  through  the  Bureau  of  Immigration 
and  Naturalization,  such  measures,  and  to  make  and  enforce  such  rules 
and  regulations,  as  may  be  necessary  to  carrying  this  order  into  effect. 

Subd.  2.  Effect  of  proclamation.  The  proclamation  requires  that 
laborers,  skilled  or  unskilled,  who  are  citizens  of  a  country  which  grants 
to  its  laborers  proceeding  abroad  limited  labor  passports  only,  and  who 
present  at  a  continental  port  a  passport  entitling  them  only  to  admission 
to  countries  or  places  other  than  continental  United  States,  shall  be 
rejected.  It  does  not  in  any  particular  relieve  such  aliens  from  examina- 
tion under  the  general  provisions  of  the  law. 

Subd.  3.  Rejection  or  culmission  as  affected  by  passport.  If  such 
a  laborer  applies  for  admission  and  presents  no  passport,  it  shall  be 
presumed  (1)  that  he  did  not  possess  when  he  departed  from  his  own 
country  a  passport  entitling  him  to  come  to  the  continental  territory 
of  the  United  States,  and  (2)  that  he  did  possess  at  that  time  a  passport 
limited  to  some  country  or  place  other  than  continental  United  States. 


gentlemen's  agreement.  167 

If  ho  prosonts  a  passport,  cntitlinf!^  him  to  entor  continental  United  States 
or  not  limited  to  some  coiuitry  or  place  other  than  continental  United 
States,  he  shall  be  admitted,  unless  he  belongs  to  one  of  the  classes 
excluded  by  the  f^eneral  provisions  of  the  law.  If  he  presents  such  a 
limited  pa.ssport,  but  claims  that  he  is  not  a  laborer,  skilled  or  un.skilled, 
j)roof  of  such  claim  .shall  be  required. 

Subd.  4.  Rujlit  of  appeal,  etc.  All  laborers  excluded  under  this  rule 
shall  be  advised  not  onl}^  of  their  right  of  appeal  where  one  lies,  but 
also  that  they  may  communicate  by  telegraph  or  otherwise  with  any 
diplomatic  or  consular  officer  of  their  government,  and  they  bhall  be 
afforded  opportunity  for  doing  so. 

Subd.  5.  Definition  of  term  ''laborer.^ ^  For  practical  administra- 
tive purposes,  the  term  "laborer,  skilled  and  unskilled,"  within  the 
meaning  of  the  executive  order  of  February  24,  1913,  .shall  be  taken  to 
refer  primarily  to  persons  whose  work  is  essentially  physical,  or,  at 
least,  manual,  as  farm  laborers,  street  laborers,  factory  hands,  eon- 
tractors'  men,  stablemen,  freight  handlers,  stevedores,  miners,  and  the 
like;  and  to  persons  whose  work  is  less  physical,  but  still  manual,  and 
who  may  be  highly  skilled  as  carpenters,  stonemasons,  tile  setters, 
painters,  blacksmiths,  mechanics,  tailors,  printers,  and  the  like ;  but 
shall  not  be  taken  to  refer  to  persons  whose  work  is  neither  distinctivelj'- 
manual  nor  mechanical,  but  rather  professional,  artistic,  mercantile,  or 
clerical,  as  pharmacists,  draftsmen,  photographers,  designers,  salesmen, 
bookkeepers,  stenographers,  copyists,  and  the  like. 

Subd.  6.  Passports  to  be  indorsed.  Passports  presented  by  aliens 
covered  by  this  rule  shall  be  plainly  indorsed,  in  indelible  ink,  by  the 
officer  admitting  or  rejecting  the  applicant,  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
show  the  fact  and  date  of  admission  or  rejection.  The  officer  shall  sign 
such  indorsement,  and  the  passport  shall  be  returned  to  the  presenter. 

Subd.  7.  Bonds  for  seamen.  No  laborer  covered  by  this  rule  taken 
on  board  a  vessel  at  any  foreign  port  as  a  seaman  and  discharged  or 
granted  shore  leave  at  a  mainland  port  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
permitted  to  land  in  such  port  otherwise  than  under  a  bond  in  the 
penalty  of  $500,  conditioned  for  departure  from  the  mainland  of  the 
United  States  within  thirty  days,  unless  such  laborer  has  a  paSvSport  not 
limited  to  a  country  or  place  other  than  continental  United  States. 

Rule  21.     Japanese  and   Korean  laborers. 

(From  "Immigration  Laws  and  Regulations  of  July  1,  1907,"  published  by 
United  States  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Bureau  of  Immigration  and 
Naturalization,  Febi'uary  1.  1911  ;  twelfth  edition,  pp.  41,  42,  43.  Washington, 
D.  C,  Government  Printing  Office.) 

(a)  Aliens  from  Japan  and  Korea  are  subject  to  the  general  immi- 
gration laws. 

(h)  Every  Japanese  or  Korean  laborer,  skilled  or  unskilled,  applying 
for  admission  at  a  seaport  or  at  a  land-border  port  of  the  United  States, 
and  having  in  his  possession  a  passport  issued  by  the  government  of 
Japan,  entitling  him  to  proceed  only  to  Mexico.  Canada,  or  Hawaii, 
shall  be  refused  admission. 

(c)  If  a  Japanese  or  Korean  laborer  applies  for  admission  and  pre- 
sents no  passport,  it  shall  be  presumed  (1)  that  he  did  not  possess  when 


168  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

he  departed  from  Japan  or  Korea  a  passport  entitling  him  to  come  to 
the  United  States,  and  (2)  that  he  did  possess  at  that  time  a  passport 
limited  to  ]\Iexico,  Canada  or  Hawaii. 

(d)  If  a  Japanese  or  Korean  alien  applies  for  admission  and  presents 
a  passport  entitling:  him  to  enter  the  United  States  or  one  which  is  not 
limited  to  IMexico.  Canada,  or  Hawaii,  he  shall  be  admitted,  if  it  appears 
that  he  does  not  belong  to  any  of  the  classes  of  aliens  excluded  by  tlie 
general  immigration  laws. 

(e)  If  a  Japanese  or  Korean  alien  applies  for  admission  and  presents 
a  passport  limited  to  Mexico,  Canada,  or  Hawaii,  and  claims  that  he  is 
not  a  laborer,  either  skilled  or  unskilled,  rea.sonable  proof  of  this  claim 
.shall  be  required  in  order  to  permit  him  to  enter  the  United  States. 

(/)  When  a  Japanese  or  Korean  alien  is  rejected  as  being  a  skilled 
or  unskilled  laborer  holding  a  passport  limited  to  Mexico,  Canada,  or 
Hawaii,  he  shall  be  allowed  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  Secretary  of 
Commerce  and  Labor  under  the  same  conditions  as  attach  to  aliens 
rejected  under  the  general  immigration  laws. 

(g)  If  a  Japanese  or  Korean  skilled  or  unskilled  laborer  is  found  in 
the  continental  territory  of  the  United  States  without  having  been  duly 
admitted,  upon  inspection,  the  procedure  employed  under  the  general 
immigration  laws  for  the  arrest  and  hearing  of  aliens  who  have  entered 
the  United  States  surreptitiously  shall  be  observed,  to  the  end  that  the 
right  of  such  alien  to  be  and  remain  in  the  United  States  may  be  deter- 
mined; and  if  it  shall  appear  that  such  alien  falls  within  the  class 
excluded  by  the  foregoing  executive  order,  and  has  entered  the  United 
States  since  the  fourteenth  of  ]\Iarch,  1907,  the  said  alien  shall  be 
deported  according  to  the  provisions  of  sections  20,  21,  and  35  of  the 
act  of  Congress  approved  February  20,  1907. 

(h)  In  case  any  Japanese  or  Korean  is  detained  or  denied  admission 
by  virtue  of  the  foregoing  executive  order,  he  shall,  in  addition  to  being 
informed  of  his  right  of  appeal  to  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor, 
be  advised  that  he  may  communicate  by  telegraph  or  otherwise  with  any 
diplomatic  or  consular  ofificer  of  his  government,  and  shall  be  afforded 
opportunities  for  so  doing. 

(t)  The  officials  of  the  department  charged  with  the  enforcement  of 
the  immigration  laws  are  instructed  that  in  the  execution  of  this  rule 
scrupulous  care  shall  be  taken  to  see  that  the  courtesy  and  consideration 
which  the  department  requires  in  the  ease  of  all  foreigners,  of  whatever 
nationality,  are  shown  to  those  affected  by  this  rule.  All  officers  of  this 
department  are  hereby  warned  that  no  discrimination  will  be  tolerated, 
and  that  those  coming  under  this  rule  must  he  shown  every  courtesy  and 
consideration  to  which  the  citizens  of  most  favored  nations  are  entitled 
when  they  come  to  the  United  States. 

(j)  For  practical,  administrative  purposes,  the  term  "laborer,  skilled 
and  unskilled,"  within  the  meaning  of  the  executive  order  of  March  14, 
1907,  shall  be  taken  to  refer  primarily  to  persons  whose  work  is  essen- 
tially physical,  or  at  least,  manual  as  farm  laborers,  street  laborers, 
factory  hands,  contractors'  men,  stable  men,  freight  handlers,  stevedores, 
miners  and  the  like ;  and  to  persons  whose  work  is  less  physical,  but  still 
manual,  and  who  may  be  highly  skilled,  as  carpenters,  stonemasons,  tile 


gentIvEmen's  agreement. 


169 


setters,  painters,  blacksmiths,  meelianies,  tailors,  printers,  and  the  like; 
but  sliall  not  be  taken  to  refer  to  persons  whose  work  Is  neither  dis- 
tinctively manual  nor  mechanical,  but  rather  professional,  artistic, 
mercantile,  or  clerical,  as  pharmacists,  draftsmen,  photographers, 
desi^'ners,  salesmen,  bookkeepers,  stenop^raphers,  copyists,  and  the  like. 
The  foregoing  definition  is  subject  to  change,  and  will  not  preclude  the 
Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Lalx)r  from  deciding  each  individual  case 
which  comes  to  him  by  way  of  appeal  in  accordance  with  the  particular 
facts  and  circumstances  thereof. 

(k)  Passports  presented  by  Japanese  and  Koreans  shall  be  plainly 
endorsed,  j'n  indelible  ink,  by  the  officer  admitting  or  rejecting  the 
applicant,  in  such  manner  as  to  show  the  fact  and  date  of  admission  or 
rejection,  the  name  of  the  officer  being  signed  to  such  endorsement; 
after  which  the  passport  shall  be  returned  to  the  person  by  whom 
presented. 


Are  Immigration  Laws  Properly  Enforced? 

To  a  layman  unaccjuainted  with  immigration  practice  it  would  appear 
as  though  the  United  States  immigration  authorities  are  not  enforcing, 
with  proper  care,  the  immigration  laws  as  to  Japanese  even  under  the 
slight  restrictions  afforded  by  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement. 

In  this  connection  there  is  given  herewith : 

(1)  The  list  of  Japanese  immigrants  admitted,  by  years,  from  11)00 
to  1919. 

(2)  Japanese  laborers  admitted  without  proper  passports  and  those 
admitted  with  passports  who  were  not  entitled  to  them. 

(3)  A  tabulation  of  the  circumstances  relating  to  nonpossession  of 
passports  by  these  Japanese  laborers  as  reported  by  United  States 
immigration  authorities. 

Also,  totals  of  Japanese  laborers  admitted  upon  passports  although 
declared  by  United  States  immigration  officers  not  entitled  to  them. 

Excess    of    Immigrant    Japanese    Aliens    Admitted    to    United    States    Over    Emigrant 
Japanese  Aliens  Departed,  July  1,  1909,  to  June  30,   1919. 


Year  ended  June  30- 


Total 
United 
States 


Outside  of 

continental 

ITnited 

States 


Continental 
United 
States 


Stat«  of  California 


All  other 
states 


1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1910 
1917 
1918 
1919 


Totals 


*1,579 
1,224 
4,671 
7,569 
8,147 
7,784 
7,931 
8,?0.S 
8,610 
7,929 


60,489 


*393 
972 
2,295 
3,846 
3,605 
2,525 
2,739 
3,(94 
2,607 
2,210 

23,500 


*1,186 
252 
2,376 
3,723 
4,542 
5,259 
5,192 
5,109 
6,003 
5,719 

36,989 


•1,109 
45 
1,568 
2,390 
3,129 
3,798 
3,676 
3,196 
3,529 
3,486 


*93.5 
17.9 
66.0 
64.2 


*77 

207 

8(18 

1,333 


23,708 


68.9 

1,413 

72.2 

1,461 

70.8 

1,516 

62.6 

1,913 

58.8 

2,474 

61.0 

2,233 

64.1 

13,281 

•Figures  indicate  excess  of  emigrants  over  immigrants. 

Nearly  two-thiriis  of  the  excess  falls  to  California.  (This  means  an  average  of 
approximately  two-thir(3s  of  the  excess  of  all  Japanese  immigrants  over  emigrants 
coming  to  the  Unitecl  States  came  to  California  during  the  ten-year  perioii  in(3icated 
above.) 


170 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


Japanese  Laborers  Admitted  to  Continental  United  States,  1910  to  1919. 


Ill  roisesjioii  of  proDer  pas-tporU 

Wltlinut 

proper 

paxspuits 

Year 

Untitled  to  passports  vinder  gentle- 
men's agreement 

Not  entitled 
to  pass- 
ports 

Totul 

Former 
residents 

ParenU. 
wives  am) 
rliUdren  of 

residents 

Settled 
agricul- 
turists 

iixxmoio 

245  '               373  1                   1 

47 
88 
60 
41 
84 
54 
39 
36 
88 
48 

30 
25 
27 
13 
51 
29 

87 
235 
241 

705 

ioi(;-i!)ii   

351   ;               268 

C02                  224 

1.175                  178 

1,514                  119 

1,545                  585 

732 

1911-1912        

!il3 

1913-1913    

1,4(>7 

1913-1914    

1,708 

1914-1915        

1 

2,214 

1915-1016 

1,695               1  199                      2 

3,013 

l'J16-1917       

l.ftl- 
1.774 
1,20j 

1,115 
507 

2,885 

1917-1918    

1918-1919    - 

2,004 
1 ,97(1 

Totals       

11,813                4. '190                       4 

.-iSo 

825 

18,217 

■ 

Japanese 


'Laborers"    Arriving    in    Continental    United    States    Without    Proper    Pass- 
ports, July  1,   1909,  to  June  30,   1919. 


Japanese  "Laborers"   Arriving    in   Continental    United   States   With    Proper   Passports, 
July  1,   1909,  to  June  30,   1919,  but  Classified  as  "Not   Entitled  to  Passport." 


49 
2 

•17 

89 

88 

62 
2 

42 
1 

41 

•Jl 
7 

84 

57 
54 

41 
2 

39 

41 
5 

90 
2 

48 

6K' 

25 

Laborers    "not    entitled    to    pass- 
port" admitted  -. 

36 

88 

4S 

585 

Section  X. 
SMUGGLING. 


171 


SMUGGLING. 

In  this  section: 

(1)  Methods  followed  by  land  and  by  sea. 

(2)  Comparative  ease  of  illegal  entry  from  Mexico  into  California. 

(3)  Extracts  from  report  of  United  States  Commissioner  General 
dated  June  30,  1919,  explaining  the  situation  on  the  Mexican 
border  and  probable  smuggling  and  illegal  entry. 


173 


SMUGGLING.  175 


SMUGGLING  AND   SURREPTITIOUS   ENTRY   OF   ORIENTALS. 

Smiigj^ling  across  the  border,  espcciriUy  tlio  Mexican  Ijorder,  lifus  proven 
exceedingly  difficult  for  the  United  States  Iiiiinigration  Service  to  pre- 
vent. The  federal  immigration  patrol  ii{)()ii  the  Mexican  border  is 
entirely  inadequate ;  the  California-Mexican  frontier  is  180  miles  in 
length  and  the  physical  character  of  the  country  is  such  that  it  is  possible 
to  cross  the  border  at  almost  any  point;  and  the  big  fishing  fleet,  manned 
principally  by  Japanese,  with  large  power  boats,  which  is  constantly 
going  back  and  forth  from  American  waters  into  Mexican  waters,  pro- 
vides exceedingly  convenient  means  of  unlawful  entry  for  Japanese  in 
particular.  Furthermore,  there  are  many  Japanese  engaged  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits  in  the  Imperial  Valley  on  both  sides  of  the  border, 
and  the  Japanese  so  engaged  are  passing  to  and  fro  across  the  line 
constantly.  Such  conditions  render  most  difficult  the  checking  of  those 
who  cross  and  recross  the  border.  The  United  States  Commissioner 
General  of  Immigration,  in  his  report  of  January  30,  1919,  declares 
that  smuggling  of  Japanese  across  the  Mexican  border  is  carried  on 
successfully  and  to  a  large  extent,  his  language  being  as  follows: 
"Confidential  information  of  unquestionable  authenticity  shows  very 
conclusively  that  Japanese  smuggling  across  the  Mexican  border  is 
carried  on  successfully,  and  doubtless  to  a  very  large  extent.  Southern 
California  possesses  a  peculiar  attraction  for  the  Japanese  and  it  seems 
inevitable  that  if  some  effective  means  are  not  found  to  curb  further 
growth  the  Japanese  colonies  in  that  section  will  expand  in  time  into 
such  proportions  a.s  to  create  a  serious  problem." 

The  Commissioner  General  in  this  report  points  out  the  fact  that  the 
Japanese  colonies  or  settlements  in  southern  California,  and  imme- 
diately across  the  border  in  Mexico,  are  so  intimately  related  to  the 
smuggling  activities  that  it  is  impossible  to  discuss  the  one  without 
considering  the  other.  The  existence  of  these  colonies  makes  unlawful 
entry  easy  for  the  Japanese  and  most  difficult  for  immigration  authori- 
ties to  apprehend. 

The  experience  of  the  immigration  authorities  with  this  subject  has 
been  so  thorough  and  so  intimate  and  the  subject  is  so  well  covered  in 
the  report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  General  of  Immigration, 
that  the  matter  can  be  best  presented  by  quoting  further  from  the 
Commissioner  General 's  report  of  June.  30,  1919.  In  this  report  the 
Commissioner  General  has  the  following  to  say  concerning  the  Japanese 
who  has  successfully  entered  California  and  who  seeks  to  aid  his  fellow 
countrymen  to  do  the  same: 

"Onoe  safely  acrofs  the  line,  the  contrabands  find  concealment  at  conveniently 
located  ranches  conducted  by  fellow  countrymen,  where  they  work  for  small  wages 
until  a  smattering  of  English  and  an  air  of  sophistication  are  acquired,  wiien  they 
proceed  further  toward  their  respective  ultimate  destinations.  When  any  of  such 
contrabands  are  arrested,  the  resident  Japanese  who  have  given  them  asylum  rush 
to  the  defense  and,  if  necessary,  do  uot  hesitate  to  perjure  themselves  as  to  the 
period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  the  arrested  alien.     Vigorous  measures 


176  CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

and  unremitting  zeal  on  the  part  of  immigration  officers,  resulting  in  the  arrest  and 
deportatibn  of  large  numbers  of  contrabands  of  this  class  and  the  prosecution  of 
such  of  the  ringleaders  and  coconspirators  of  lesser  importance  as  could  be  found  in 
the  United  States,  have  served,  temporarily,  at  least,  to  check  the  influx.  The 
participation  in  this  illegal  traffic  of  domiciled  aliens,  without  whose  assistance  it 
could  not  survive,  has  been  discouraged  to  a  uo  inconsiderable  degree  by  the  prosecu- 
tion instituted  during  the  past  year.  It  should  be  understood,  however,  that  the 
same  situation  has  confronted  the  district  on  previous  occasions  and  will  again  arise 
if  there  is  any  rela.xatiou  of  vigilance.  In  order  to  keep  the  problem  in  hand,  a 
sufficient  force  of  alert,  resourceful  officers  must  at  all  times  be  maintained. 

Numerous  Japanese  fishing  boats  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  operating  in  Mexican 
waters,  are  employed  to  facilitate  the  illegal  entry  of  Japanese  laborers. 

The  greater  number  of  Japanese  aliens  arrested  on  departmental  warrant  during 
the  year  promptly  claimed  that  they  had  been  in  this  country  in  e.Ycess  of  three 
years,  so  that  the  government  was  unable  to  charge  them  with  entry  without  inspec- 
tion or  at  a  place  other  than  a  regular  port  of  entry,  although  there  was  ample 
reason  to  believe,  even  where  the  suspicion  was  not  susceptible  of  proof,  that  they 
had  but  recently  come  from  Mexico.  When  it  became  apparent  that  the  government, 
nevertheless,  intended  to  proceed  in  appropriate  cases  on  the  charge  that  the  aliens 
entered  and  were  within  the  United  States  in  violation  of  the  so-called  passport 
provisions  of  the  immigration  act,  the  defendants  promptly  set  up  the  defense  of 
residence  in  excess  of  five  years,  that  period  being  the  one  beyond  which  deportation 
proceedings  could  not  prevail.  In  a  few  instances,  all  other  subterfuges  failing,  the 
arrested  contraband  set  up  the  claim  to  ownership  of  extensive  proi)erty  or  business 
interests.    Investigation  developed  that  a  majority  of  such  claims  were  purely  fictitious. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  Japanese  problem  as  regards  illegal  entries,  is  localized, 
involving  as  it  does  that  portion  of  this  district  within  the  confines  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia ;  it  is  one,  however,  that  possesses  possibilities  of  a  serious  nature,  easily 
susceptible  of  extension  to  other  portions  of  the  district. 

The  force  in  southern  California,  though  efficient,  is  wholly  inadequate  to  handle 
the  situation  as  it  should  be  handled,  and  the  force  in  other  parts  of  the  district,  at 
all  times  small  in  proportion  to  the  area  covered,  was  so  greatly  reduced  at  the  close 
of  this  fiscal  year  as  to  make  any  transfers  therefrom  to  southern  California  an 
impossibility  without  letting  down  completely  all  bars  to  the  ingress  of  undesirables 
generally  over  the  balance  of  the  border. 

With  the  reduction  of  this  force  at  the  close  of  June  30,  1919,  and  the  further 
reductions  which,  it  is  understood,  are  to  be  made,  there  will  remain  practically  no 
officers  available  for  patrol  duty  during  the  ensuing  fiscal  year,  and  consequently,  it 
is  but  reasonable  to  expect  that  there  will  be  an  enormous  falling  off  of  arrests. 
In  other  words,  instead  of  apprehending  some  6000  aliens  of  all  classes  and  degrees 
of  undesirability,  following  surreptitious  entry,  it  is  only  reasonable  to  assume  that 
approximately  that  many,  during  the  ensuing  year,  will  cross  the  frontier  with  abso- 
lute impunity  and  merge  their  identity  with  the  alien  population  of  the  country. 

As  most  of  the  Japanese  male  residents  in  the  southern  part  of  this  state,  to  whom 
the  so-called  "brides"  are  destined,  are  without  passports,  but  prove  by  documentary 
evidence  a  residence  of  over  three  years,  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  intent  of  the 
"agreement,"  at  least,  is  being  circumvented  in  such  cases. 

Another  means  of  evasion,  which  is  believed  to  be  practiced  to  a  large  extent,  is 
through  the  production  to  officials  in  Japan  of  proof  of  a  former  residence  in  this 
country  (notwithstanding  the  illegality  of  such  residence)  entitling  the  claimant  to 
the  desired  passport  and  opening  the  way  for  a  progressive  chain  of  applicants,  as 
the  parents,  wives,  or  children  of  resident  Japanese.  Because  of  the  racial  antipathy 
and  the  nonassimilative  character  and  prolific  tendencies  of  this  class,  their  increas- 
ing number  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  a  menace  to  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  our 
citizens,  and  it  is  felt  that  a  strict  adherance  to  the  spirit  of  the  so-called  "gentlemen's 
agreement"  should  be  required.  This,  it  would  seem,  can  only  be  attained  by  requir- 
ing— as  is  done  in  the  case  of  Chinese  residents — that  Japanese  returning  to  a 
former  residence  in  this  country,  or  seeking  to  bring  in  their  parents,  wives,  or 
children,  prove  a  lawful  domicile  here." 

A  descriptive  map  of  the  Mexican  border  district  occupied  by  Chinese 
and  Japanese  colonies,  too  large  to  include  in  report,  is  available  at  any 
time  in  the  office  of  the  Board  of  Control. 


Section  XL 
CITIZENSHIP. 


177 

12—4460 


CITIZENSHIP. 

In  this  section : 

(1)  Status  of  Hindus  in  United  States. 

(2)  Status  of  Chinese,  both  foreign  born  and  American  bom. 

(3)  Status  of  Japanese  in  United  States  both  as  to  foreign  bom 
and  American  born. 

(4)  Every  Japanese,  wherever  born,  is  a  citizen  of  Japan,  unless 
expatriated. 

(5)  Dual  citizenship  of  Japanese. 

(6)  Once  a  Japanese,  always  a  Japanese. 

(7)  Obligation  of  American-born  Japanese  to  give  military  ser- 
vice to  Japan  in  event  of  war. 

(8)  Statement  as  to  Japanese  citizenship  in  America  and  in 
Japan  showing  the  dual  allegiance,  prepared  and  submitted  by 
Dr.  Chas.  E.  Martin,  Lecturer  on  International  Law,  University  of 
California,  assisted  by  Y.  S.  Kuno,  Instructor  in  Japanese,  Univer- 
sity of  California,  and  Max  E.  Baugh,  Graduate  Student  Interna- 
tional Law,  University  of  California. 

(9)  Copy  of  Japanese  law  of  expatriation,  translated  by  Y,  S. 
Kuno,  Instructor  in  Japanese,  University  of  California. 

(10)  Sections  of  Civil  Code  of  Japan  relating  to  citizenship  of 
Japanese,  domestic  relations  in  family  council  in  Japan  and  the 
subject  of  guardianship. 

(11)  Digest  of  citizenship  of  aliens  prepared  by  Prof.  John  Norton 
Pomeroy  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  who  is  now  making  a  Digest 
of  Treaties  for  the  State  Department  at  Washington. 


179 


CITIZENSHIP,  181 


CITIZENSHIP. 

The  low  caste  Hindus,  although  subjects  of  the  British  Crown,  are 
denied  citizenship  by  practically  all  the  British  colonics;  in  fact,  they    j 
have  been  forced  to  leave  Canada,  Australia,  New  Zealand  and  South    | 
Africa.    (Special  Report  of  State  liureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  January  6,  j 
1919.) 

Hindu. 

"The  Hindu  has  no  morals."  (Quoted  from  Special  Report  of  State 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  January  6,  1919.)  Court  records  and  the 
files  in  the  offices  of  district  attorney  and  probation  officer  in  Imperial 
County  show  an  unusually  high  record  of  vicious  crimes  by  Hindas  or 
Sikhs  in  that  county.  (Report  of  State  Council  of  Defense,  Imperial 
County  Division,  December  4,  1918.) 

The  low  caste  Hindus  and  Sikhs  are  not  eligible  to  citizenship  in  the  ' 
[Tnited  States,  but  in  a  very  few  cases  natives  of  India  of  high  caste 
have  proven  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  courts  their  Caucasian  blood  and  | 
have  been  admitted  to  citizenship. 

According  to  W.  P.  Shaughnessy  of  Shaughnessy  and  Atherton, 
attorneys,  counsel  for  the  Hindus  in  California,  "Hindus  are  no  longer 
admitted  into  the  United  States  nor  are  those  who  are  here  permitted 
to  bring  in  their  wives  or  children." 

One  investigator  for  the  State  Board  of  Control  states  that  Hindus, 
although  ineligible  to  citizenship  and  therefore  not  entitled  to  legal 
ownership  of  land  under  the  California  alien  land  act,  nevertheless  own 
many  parcels  of  land  in  California  and  are  purchasing  more  land. 

Chinese. 

Chinese  are  ineligible  to  citizenship.  American-born  children  of 
Chinese  parents  are  American  citizens  and  constitute  the  larger  portion 
of  our  Chinese  population.  As  a  result  of  the  effective  Chinese  exclu- 
sion laws  and  of  the  high  mortality  and  low  birth  rate  prevailing  among 
them,  this  element  of  our  Oriental  population  is  steadily  declining  in 
numbers. 

The  effectiveness  of  the  Chinese  exclusion  law  is  largely  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  United  States  determines  for  itself  the  admissibility  of 
applicants.  In  the  case  of  the  Japanese,  on  the  other  hand,  the  power 
of  determining  who  is  entitled  to  a  passport  and,  therefore,  admissible, 
has  been  surrendered  to  the  Japanese  government. 

Japanese. 

As  to  the  citizenship  of  Japanese,  the  Civil  Code  of  Japan,  volume  3, 
article  66,  reads  as  follows: 

"A  child  is  a  Japanese  if  his  or  her  father  is  a  Japanese  at  the  time 
of  his  or  her  birth." 


182  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Once  a  Japanese,  Always  a  Japanese. 

Every  Japanese,  wherever  born,  is  a  citizen  of  Japan,  unless  expa- 
triated. Every  Japanese  in  tlie  United  States,  whether  American-born 
or  not,  is  a  citizen  of  Japan  and  a.s  sueh  is  subject  to  military  duty  to 
Japan  from  the  a^e  of  .seventeen  years  until  forty  years  of  age,  unless 
expatriated.  The  Ameriean-born  Japanese  holds  dual  citizenship: 
first,  allegriance  to  Japan  with  compulsory  military  service;  and  second, 
rip:ht,s  of  citizenship  in  America.  Under  such  circum.stances,  a  Jap- 
anese, though  born  in  America  and  thereby  ac([uiring  all  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  an  American  citizen,  owes  his  first  obligation  of  allegiance 
and  military  service  to  Japan.  It  is  contended  by  writers  on  interna- 
tional law  that  bec-ause  our  country  is  cognizant  of  this  dual  citizenship 
with  its  requirement  of  compulsory  military  service  to  Japan,  the  United 
States,  in  event  of  war  with  Japan,  could  not  demand  military  .service 
from  the  American-born  Japanese  but  would  be  obliged  to  permit  them 
to  return  to  Japan,  there  to  render  military  service  in  behalf  of  Japan. 
Ameriean-born  Japanese  would  appear  to  be  enjoying  all  the  advan- 
tages of  American  citizenship  without  assuming  the  most  important 
responsibilities  of  such  citizenship. 

Once  a  Japanese,  always  a  Japanese,  unless  each  individual  Japanese 
renounces  allegiance  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  Civil  Code  of 
Japan  and  his  renunciation  is  accepted  by  the  Japanese  government. 
No  matter  how  many  successive  generations  of  American-born  Japanese 
there  may  be,  none  of  the  children  born  in  America  are  relieved  of 
allegiance  to  Japan  unless  the  parent  has  renounced  allegiance  to 
Japan  and  had  his  rrnunci-ation  accppted  hy  the  Japanese  government. 

The  method  by  which  this  renunciation  of  allegiance  to  Japan  may 
be  accomplished  is  set  out  in  the  following  quotation  from  a  letter  of 
Dr.  Chas.  E.  ^Martin,  Lecturer  on  International  Law,  University  of 
California,  dated  March  25,  1920: 

"About  1017  or  1918.  tho  Japanose  enacted  a  law  of  expatriation  hy  which  the 
status  of  dual  nationality  on  the  part  of  .Japanese  residing  here  and  claiming  citizen- 
ship under  the  fourteenth  amendment  could  be  brought  to  an  end.  Japanese  who  are 
native  citizens  of  the  United  States  may  expatriate  themselves  in  two  ways: 

(1)  Before  the  age  of  l.">  through  a  legal  representative; 

(2)  Between  the  ages  of  I.t  and  17  years,  but  never  after  the  age  of  17,  unless 
he  has  presented  himself  for  military  duty. 

As  compared  with  the  practice  of  the  United  States,  the  Japanese  law  is  limited 
in  its  scope.  .Japan  will  relinquish  hor  jurisdiction  over  foreign  born  Japanese,  not 
through  the  voluntary  act  of  the  individual,  but  only  through  the  permission  of  the 
home  government.  Many  countries  hold  to  the  view  that  expatriation  is  the  voluntary 
right  of  the  individual.  Japan  does  not  recognize  this  principle.  The  burden  is 
placed  upon  foreign  born  Americans  to  prove  that  they  have  retained  their  American 
citizenship,  while  the  burden  is  placed  upon  the  foreign  born  Japanese  to  prove  that 
they  have  renounced  their  Japanese  citizenship  through  means  provided  by,  and 
with  the  permission  of,  the  .Japanese  government.  In  this  way,  the  home  govern- 
ment has  a  rigid  military  hold  on  its  foreign  born  citizens." 

Herewith  a  copy  of  "Declamation  of  Losing  Nationality"  provided 
under  Japanese  law  for  renouncing  allegiance  to  Japan,  and  which  was 
furni.shed  the  Board  of  Control  by  Japanese  Vice  Consul  Ishii  at  San 
Francisco. 


CITIZENSHIP.  183 

DECLAMATION   OF   LOSING   NATIONALITY. 

(Addriyss  of  iloinicile) 
(Name  in  fiili) 
(Tlio  reason  why  lie  or  sln'  ac(|uirc(l  llii'  iiatioiialily  of  other  country.) 

I  liiTchy  i'('|)ort  till'  fad  thai  I  lia\r  lost  tlic  nationality  of  Japan  on  account  of 
the  above  slated  reason. 

(  r>orn  in  America  sufiicienf   reason) 

(Date)  (Signature  and  seal) 

(Proof— Birth  (.■rlificatc)  (Date  of  birth) 

To  the  Home  Minister. 

All  J<ii)Hii('.se,  iiicliuliii^'  those  AiiipficMii-horn  of  Japanese  parents, 
fire  (*oinp(>ll('(l  to  uivc  military  .service  to  Japan  at  any  time  that  service 
is  required  of  them  by  the  Japane.se  ,<;overnment.  Tliis  is  set  out  fully 
in  a  letter  by  Dr.  Martin  hei'etofore  referred  to  and  we  therefore  quote 
frojn  his  letter  as  follows: 

''If  l)t>fore  tli(^  nfi'e  of  17,  a  .Tapanese  has  not  expatriated  himself  from  .Japan  under 
the  Japanese  law,  the  act  of  expatriation  can  not  be  effected  until  he  has  satisfied 
the  military  requirements.  Japanese  born  in  America  must  conform  strictly  to  the 
requirements  of  the  law  in  order  to  avoid  the  condition  of  dual  nationality.  Should 
a  Japanese,  with  this  status,  return  to  Japan,  he  would  be  held  for  military  duty  as 
a  Japanese  citizen,  and  his  American  citizenship  would  not  be  recogniijed.  Should 
he  appeal  to  the  American  government  for  exemption  because  of  his  American  citizen- 
ship, it  is  probable  that  fruitless  diplomatic  negotiations  would  follow. 

Should  a  .Japanese  return  to  .Japan  an(J  establish  his  residence  there,  repatriation 
would  follow.  Llnder  the  Japanese  law,  a  residence  of  one  day  is  sufficient  to  effect 
one's  repatriation.  In  the  United  States,  the  act  of  repatriation  involves  a  change  of 
(1)  home  and  (2)  allegiance,  and  more  especially  of  allegiance.  Japanese  law 
requires  only  a  change  in  residence,  which  is  satisfied  with  the  very  limited  require- 
ment of  one  day." 

Likewise,  T.  Miyaoka,  formerly  Counselor  of  the  Japanese  Embassy 
in  the  United  States,  expresses  him.self  in  similar  lar^guage  as  follows : 

"Under  the  conscription  laws  of  the  empire  a  boy  of  seventeen  is  already  a  soldier 
in  the  .Jai)anese  army  although  his  time  of  service  under  "colors"  does  not  commence 
until  he  is  twenty.  A  male  Japanese  from  the  age  of  seventeen  is  a  part  of  the 
army  until  he  completes  hi.s  fortieth  year." 

While  it  is  possible  for  Ameriean-born  Japanese  to  renounce  allegi- 
ance to  Japan,  the  Japanese  Vice  Consul,  Ishii,  at  San  Francisco,  states 
that  not  to  exceed  a  dozen  such  Ameriean-born  children  have  signed  the 
"Declamation  of  Losing  Nationality,"  provided  for  that  purpose  by 
the  Japanese  law.  So  far  as  could  be  learned,  none  of  these  have  been 
accepted  by  the  Japanese  government,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  the  Civil  Code  of  Japan. 

On  the  following  pages  are  found  authorities  as  follows  covering  the 
subject  of  citizenship  as  it  relates  especially  to  American-born  persons 
of  Japanese  parentage : 

Dr.  Chas.  E.  Martin,  Lecturer  on  International  Law,  University  of 
California.     (See  page  184.) 

Y.  S.  Kuno,  Instructor  in  Japanese,  University  of  California.  (See 
page  186.) 


184  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

MaxE.  Baugh,  Graduate  Student,  International  Law,  University  of 
California.     (See  page  186.) 

DeBecker'.s  Civil  Code  of  Japan.      (See  page  187.) 

Dr.  John  Martin  Pomeroy  of  University  of  Illinois,  Sp(>(ial  Repre- 
sentative State  Department,  United  States  of  Anieriea,  now  making  a 
Digest  of  Treaties.     (See  page  100.) 

Prof.  Wm.  Carey  Jones,  Dean  of  Law,  Faculty  of  University  of 
California.     (See  page  190.) 

Letter  of  Dr.  Martin. 

March  25,  1920. 
Dear  Dean  Jones  : 

Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Kuno,  Instructor  in  .Japanese,  and  Mr.  Max  C. 
Baugh,  a  graduate  student  in  international  law  and  diplomacy,  who  is  writing  his 
master's  thesis  on  "Problems  of  Japanese  Expansion,"  I  have  secured  a  reliable 
translation  of  the  Japanese  law  of  expatriation. 

The  doctrine  of  dual  nationality,  sometimes  called  double  allegiance,  is  simplified 
when  we  regard  it  as  the  logical  result  of  the  concurrent  operation  of  two  different 
laws.  The  most  frequent  case  of  it  is  where  a  child,  due  to  the  sojourn  of  his  parents 
in  a  foreign  land  at  the  time  of  his  birth,  is  born  a  citizen  of  two  countries — a  citizen 
of  the  oounlry  of  his  birth  jure  noli,  and  a  citizen  of  bis  parent's  country  jure 
nanguitiis.  The  claim  of  double  allegiance  would  not  arise  if  the  country  of  birth  or 
the  country  to  which  the  parents  belong  should  choose  not  to  claim  allegiance.  The 
conflict  is  generally  avoided  by  the  rule  which  makes  the  child  liable  for  the  per- 
formance of  the  duties  of  allegiance  under  the  laws  of  the  country  where  he 
actually  is. 

The  claim  of  double  allegiance  may  be  made  where  one  leaves  the  country  of  his 
origin,  and  becomes  a  citizen  of  another  country  through  process  of  naturalization. 
In  the  case  of  Japanese  who  have  come  to  the  United  States,  no  such  claim  could 
be  made,  for  the  question  does  not  exist.  By  the  acts  of  1.S02  and  1804,  "only  free 
white  persons"  were  capable  of  naturalization.  By  the  act  of  1S70,  the  benefits  of 
the  law  were  extended  to  "aliens  of  African  nativity  and  to  persons  of  African 
descent."  The  law,  as  consolidated  in  the  Revised  Statutes,  thus  stands,  embracing 
only  "white  persons"  and  persons  of  African  descent.  Naturalization  has  been 
repeatedly  refused  to  Japanese  on  the  ground  that  they  are  not  "white"  persons. 
(In  re  Saito,  62  Fed.  Rep.  126;  In  re  Yamashita  (1902),  30  Wash.  234,  70  Pac. 
Rep.  482.) 

With  respect  to  Japanese  born  in  the  United  States,  the  case  is  quite  different, 
and  the  question  of  dual  nationality  is  an  acute  one.  By  the  fourteenth  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  "all  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the 
United  States,  and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  state  wherein  they  reside."  In  the  case  of  In  re  Look  Tin  Sing, 
21  Fed.  Rep.  90r>.  it  was  held  that  a  child  born  in  the  United  States  to  alien  Chinese 
parents  who  could  not  themselves  become  naturalized,  was  nevertheless  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  the  case  of  United 
States  vs.  Wong  Kim  Ark,  160  U.  S.  649,  affirmed  the  principles  laid  down  in  the 
case  of  Ix)ok  Tin  Sing,  and  settled  the  question  as  to  the  children  of  domiciled  aliens. 

The  citizenship  of  a  .Japanese  born  in  the  United  States  and  subject  to  its  jurisdic- 
tion is  determined  by  (1)  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  (2) 
tiie  laws  of  Japan. 

Prior  to  the  promulgation  of  the  recent  Japanese  law  of  expatriation,  an  American 
born  Japanese  was  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  under  the  fourteenth  amendment 
to  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  (jure  soli).  At  the  same  time  he  was  a 
citizen  of  .Japan  under  the  .Japanese  law  of  nationality  (jure  sanguinis),  which 
says:  "A  child  is  a  Japanese  if  his  or  her  father  is  a  Japanese  at  the  time  of  his  or 
her  birth."  (Law  No.  60,  March  16,  1899,  Japanese  Civil  Code.  vol.  III.)  An 
American  born  Japanese  was,  therefore,  impressed  with  a  double  nationality. 

Thus,  under  Japanese  law,  the  .Japanese  government  gave  full  effect  to  claims  of 
allegiance  under  citizenshp  by  right  of  blood.  It  may  be  pointed  out  at  this  juncture 
that  the  United   States  has  followed  the  same  course,  with  the  exception  that   the 


CITIZENSHIP.  185 

ri«;lits  of  citizenship  tlo  not  descend  to  persons  whose  fathers  never  resided  in  the 
United  States.     (Ilov.  Stat.,  Sec.  VMS.) 

While  it  apix'ars  that  the  Jai)ane.se  and  American  laws  with  respect  to  the  citizen- 
ship of  the  foreign  born  are  identical,  .subject  to  the  limitation  ip  the  American  law 
iridiealed  above,  it  does  not  follow  that  (he  le^al  (effects  are  the  same.  For  a  long 
lime  I  he  United  States  held  to  the  common  law  doctrine  of  indelible  allegiance, 
which  is  (hat  the  iialioiiality  of  one's  country  of  origin  follows  him  wherever  he 
goes,  and  which  forbids  one  to  expatriate  himself  at  will.  Due  to  the  increased 
i>niigra(ion  from  Ireland  and  (Germany  to  the  United  Stales,  the  government  was 
compelled  to  take  measures  designed  to  protect  natives  of  Germany  and  Cireat  Britain 
who  had  become  American  citizens  through  naturalization,  while  visiting  relatives  in 
their  country  of  origin.  Thus,  we  actively  championed  the  rights  of  naturalized 
citizens  of  the  United  States  sojourning  in  foreign  countries,  and  in  doing  so,  we 
had  to  recognize  the  right  of  an  American  citizen  to  divest  himself  of  his  American 
citizenship,  for  we  could  not  consistently  claim  the  right  to  effect  the  expatriation  of 
persons  born  abroad,  and  the  right  to  protect  them  as  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
if  we  denied  the  same  privileges  to  foreign  countries,  and  to  native  American  citizens 
who  acquired  a  new  nationality  through  naturalization.  The  act  of  March  2,  1907, 
deals  with  the  expatriation  of  American  cilizens  and  their  protection  abroad.  Such 
expatriation  is  declared  to  be  effected  either  by  (1)  naturalization  abroad,  or  by  (2) 
ihe  taking  of  an  "oath  of  allegiance"  to  any  foreign  state.  In  the  case  of  a  naturalized 
citizen,  residence  of  two  years  in  the  country  of  origin,  or  of  five  years  in  any  other 
foreign  state,  creates  a  presumption  that  he  has  ceased  to  be  an  American  citizen. 
No  American  cilizen,  however,  can  expatriate  himself  when  the  country  is  at  war. 

Before  the  promulgation  of  the  recent  Japanese  law  of  expatriation,  no  Japanese 
could  rid  himself  of  his  nationality  acquired  by  reason  of  his  Japanese  parentage. 
That  is,  as  far  as  the  Japanese  law  was  concerned,  the  Japanese  allegiance  gained 
by  reason  of  birth  could  not  be  dissolved,  and  the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the 
constitution,  so  far  as  the  enforcement  of  Japanese  municipal  law  is  concerned,  did 
not  operate  to  dissolve  it.  The  Japanese  government,  therefore,  held  to  the  doctrine 
of  indelible  allegiance,  which  is  nothing  other  than  the  common  law  doctrine  as  it 
developed  in  England  and  as  it  was  adopted  in  the  United  States.  It  is  only  another 
way  of  saying  that  the  children  of  Japanese  citizens  born  the  world  over,  are  Japa- 
nese citizens  by  right  of  birth. 

About  1017  or  1918,  the  Japanese  enacted  a  law  of  expatriation  by  which  the 
status  of  dual  nationality  on  the  part  of  Japanese  residing  here  and  claiming  citizen- 
ship under  the  fourteenth  amendment  could  be  brought  to  aa  end.  Japanese  who  are 
native  citizens  of  the  United  States  may  expatriate  themselves  in  two  ways : 

(1)  Before  the  age  of  15  through  a  legal  representative; 

(2)  Between  the  ages  of  15  and  17  years,  but  never  after  the  age  of  17,  unless 
he  has  presented  himself  for  military  duty. 

As  compared  with  the  practice  of  the  United  States,  the  Japanese  law  is  limited 
in  its  scope.  Japan  will  relinquish  her  jurisdiction  over  foreign  born  Japanese,  not 
through  the  voluntary  act  of  the  individual,  but  only  through  the  permission  of  the 
home  government.  Many  countries  hold  to  the  view  that  expatriation  is  the  volun- 
tary right  of  the  individual.  Japan  does  not  recognize  this  principle.  The  burden 
is  placed  upon  foreign  born  Americans  to  prove  that  they  have  retained  their 
American  citizenship,  while  the  burden  is  placed  upon  the  foreign  born  Japanese  to 
prove  that  they  have  renounced  their  Japanese  citizenship  through  means  provided 
by,  and  with  the  ijermisison  of,  the  Japanese  government.  In  this  way,  the  home 
government  has  a  rigid  military  hold  on  its  foreign  born  citizens. 

Moreover,  the  Japanese  law  of  expatriation  does  not  do  away  with  the  possibility 
of  double  allegiance,  in  the  case  of  a  Japanese  born  in  the  United  States : 

1.  If  before  the  age  of  17,  a  Japanese  has  not  expatriated  himself  from  Japan 
under  the  Japanese  law,  the  act  of  expatriation  can  not  be  effected  until  he  has  satis- 
fied the  militai'y  requirements.  Japanese  born  in  America  must  conform  strictly  to 
the  requirements  of  the  law  in  order  to  avoid  the  condition  of  dual  nationality. 
Should  a  Japanese,  with  this  status,  return  to  Japan,  he  would  be  held  for  military 
duty  as  a  Japanese  citizen,  and  his  American  citizenship  would  not  be  recognized. 
Should  he  appeal  to  the  American  government  for  exemption  becaus"fe  of  his 
American  citizenship,  it  is  probable  that  fruitless  diplomatic  negotiations  would 
follow. 

2.  Should  a  Japanese  return  to  Japan  and  establish  his  residence  there,  repatria- 
tion would  follow.     Under  the  Japanese  law,  a  residence  of  one  day  is  sufficient  to 


186  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

effect  Ode's  repatriation.  In  the  United  States,  the  act  of  expatriation  involves  a 
change  of  (1)  home  and  (2)  allegiance,  and  more  especially  of  allegiance.  Japanese 
law  requites  only  a  change  in  residence,  which  is  satisfied  with  the  very  limited 
retjuiremeut  of  one  day. 

The  American  law  of  10(>7  provides  that  an  American  woman  marrying  a  foreigner 
takes  the  nationality  of  her  husband  ;  but  that,  when  the  marital  relation  ends,  she 
may  resume  her  American  citizenship;  if  she  is  abroad,  either  by  registering  within  a 
year  as  an  American  citizen  at  an  American  consulate  or  by  returning  to  the  United 
States  to  reside,  or,  if  she  is  already  in  the  United  States,  by  continuing  to  reside 
there.  Conversely,  if  a  foreign  woman  married  to  an  American  continues,  after  the 
marital  relation  ends,  to  reside  in  the  United  States,  she  is  presumed  to  retain  her 
adoptive  citizenship,  unless  she  renounces  it  before  a  competent  court ;  but,  if  she  is 
residing  abroad,  she  is  permitted  to  retain  it  by  registering  within  a  year  at  an 
American  consulate.  Under  the  Japanese  law.  a  Japanese  woman  who  marries  a 
foreigner  and  thereby  obtains  tlie  citizenship  of  her  husband,  is  regarded  as  having 
expatriated  herself.  Those  who  have  expatriated  themselves  on  account  of  marriage 
may  effect  their  repatriation  through  the  i>ermission  of  the  State  Minister  of  Home 
Affairs,  provided  they  are  domiciled  in  Japan  after  the  dissolution  of  the  marriage. 

Mr.  Kuno  states  that  the  law  was  proclaimed  in  1917  or  1918.  He  says  that  it 
is  very  difficult  to  ascertain  the  exact  date  of  the  promulgation  of  laws  relating  to 
foreign  interests. 

The  translation  as  given  by  Mr.  Kuno  is  enclosed. 
Very  sincerely  yours, 

Charles  E.  Martin. 


THE  JAPANESE  LAW  OF  EXPATRIATION. 

(Promulgated  March  15,  1916.) 
Translatetl  by  Y.   S.   Kino  and  Max  C.  Baugii. 

A. 

1.  When  a  Japanese  woman  marries  a  foreigner  and  thereby  obtains 
tiie  right  of  citizenship  or  subjectship  in  the  nation  to  which  her  husband 
belongs,  she  is  expatriated. 

2.  When  a  Japanese  subject  obtains  of  his  or  her  own  accord  the  right 
of  citizenship  or  subjectship  of  a  foreign  nation,  he  or  she  is 
expatriated. 

Note. — A  male  subject  of  the  Japanese  empire  who  is  over  17  years  of  age,  will 
not  be  allowed  to  expatriate  himself  until  he  has  completed  active  military  service  in 
the  Japanese  army  or  navy  or  he  is  known  to  be  free  from  military  duty  (on 
account  of  phj-sical  disability,  long  residence  in  a  foreign  country,  etc.). 

^.  Those  who  have  been  expatriated  on  account  of  marriage  may  be 
j^Jlowed  to  be  repatriated  through  permission  of  the  State  ^Minister  of 
Home  Affairs,  provided  she  or  he  domiciles  in  Japan  after  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  marriage. 

B. 

I.  Foreign  lx)rn  male  or  female  Japane.se  subjects  may  be  allowed  to 
expatriate  through  the  State  Minister  of  Home  Affairs,  in  the  Imperial 
Japanese  government,  provided  he  or  she  domiciles  in  the  country  where 
lie  or  she  was  born  and  thereby  and  therein  obtains  the  right  of  citizen- 
s-hip  or  subjectship. 

Note  1. — It  is  imperative  that  the  step  be  taken  by  his  or  her  legal  representative 
when  the  applicant  is  under  1.5  years  of  age. 

XoTE  2.- -It  is  imperative  tnat  he  or  she,  though  over  the  age  of  15  but  yet  under 
legal  age,  or  a  person  adjudged  incompetent,  shall  take  this  step  only  with  the  con- 
sent of  his  legal  representative. 

Translator's  Note. — Because  the  Japanese  government  thus  claims  foreign  born 
Japanese  as  subjects  of  the  empire,  though  not  so  stated,  it  is  reasonable  to  say  that 


CITIZENSHIP,  187 

.Tiipanpso  born  in  Amoiica  must  conform  strictly  to  the  provisions  in  tho  noto  under 
A,  2.  Tliat  is,  unloss  such  native  son  oxi)atrialo  liimsdf  from  Japan  before  the  age 
of  17,  lie  Clin  not  oxputrijitc  tiimsclf  until  be  has  satisfied  the  military  refpiirements. 

c. 

1.  Tliosc  Jripfincse  wlio  liavc  oxpMtrialcd  thcnisclvos  on  tho  frroiind  of 
Ix'iii}^'  fofcif^ii  l>()rn  or  of  tlicir  own  accord  may  repatriate  wJion  thoy 
(•st;il)li.sli  tlu'ir  {loiiiicilcs  within  tlio  dominion  of  the  Japanese  empire. 

Foreign  naturalized  su])je('ts,  their  children,  or  foreif^i  males  or 
i'emalcs  who  have  been  naturalized  by  virtue  of  adoption  by  Japanese 
families,  or  who  having  married  a  Japanese  man  or  woman  and  assumed 
Ihe  family  name  of  said  man  or  woman,  will  under  no  circumstances 
be  permitted  to  agrain  become  Japanese  subjects  if  they  once  forfeit  the 
naturalization  risrht  thus  obtained. 


CIVIL  CODE  OF  JAPAN. 

Dr.  rx)ENiioLi\r,  April  30,  190G. 

1.  The  enjoyment  of  private  rig^hts  begins  at  birth. 

2.  Aliens  enjoy  private  rights  except  as  forbidden  by  law,  regula- 
tion or  treaty. 

.3.     On  the  completion  of  twenty  years  a  person  becomes  of  full  age. 

777.  If  Japanese  in  a  foreign  country  desire  to  contract  a  marriage 
between  themselves,  they  may  make  the  notification  of  their  marriage  to  a 
Japanese  Minister  or  Consul  stationed  in  such  country.  In  such  case 
the  provisions  of  the  preceding  two  articles  apply  correspondingly. 

889.  A  parent  exercising  the  parental  power  is  bound,  to  use  the 
same  care  in  the  exercise  of  his  right  of  management  as  in  his  own 
affairs. 

Even  though  an  act  is  done  by  a  mother  with  the  consent  of  the 
family  council,  she  remains  responsible  for  it,  unlessi  she  is  free  from 
fault. 

890.  After  the  child  comes  of  age,  the  parent  exercising  the  parental 
power  nnist  without  delay  render  an  account  of  his  management.  In 
such  case,  however,  the  expenses  of  the  bringing  up  of  the  child  and 
of  the  management  of  his  property  are  deemed  to  be  set  off  against 
the  profits  of  the  property  of  the  child. 

GUARDIANSHIP. 

Section  1. 

the  arising  of  guardianship. 
900.     1.  When  there  is  nobody  who  exercises  parental  power  over  a 
minor,  or  when  the  person  exercising  the  parental  power  has  not  the 
right  of  management; 

2.  When  a  person  has  been  adjudged  incompetent. 
908.     The  following  persons  can  not  be  guardians: 
1.  A  minor. 

3.  A  person  wiio  has  been  deprived  of  public  rights. 

910.  A  person  who  may  designate  a  guardian  may  also  designate 
by  will  a  supervisor  of  guardianship. 


188  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

911.  If  no  supervisor  is  designated  under  the  provisions  of  the 
preceding  article,  the  legal  or  the  appointed  guardian  must,  before  he 
enters  upon  the  duties  of  the  guardianship,  apply  to  the  court  to 
convene  a  family  council  for  the  purpose  of  appointing  a  supervisor. 
If  he  acts  in  contravention  of  the.se  provisions,  the  family  council  may 
remove  him. 

If  a  family  council  appoints  a  guardian,  it  must  at  once  also  appoint 
a  supervisor  of  guardianship. 

912.  If  after  a  guardian  has  entered  upon  liis  duties  the  position 
of  supervisor  becomes  vacant,  the  guardian  must  without  delay  have 
the  family  council  convened  and  a  supervisor  appointed.  In  such 
case  the  provisions  of  article  911,  1,  apply  correspondingly. 

915.     The  duties  of  a  supervisor  of  guardianship  are  as  follows : 

1.  To  supervise  the  guardian  in  the  performance  of  his  functions; 

2.  In  ease  of  a  vacancy  in  the  guardianship,  to  call  without  delay 
upon  the  person  next  in  order  to  enter  uponj  the  duties  of  guardian- 
ship, or  if  there  is  no  such  person,  to  have  the  family  council  convened 
and  a  guardian  appointed; 

3.  To  take  necessary  steps  in  case  of  any  emergency ; 

4.  To  represent  the  ward  as  to  acts  where  the  interests  of  the 
guardian  or  of  a  person  whom  he  represents  and  of  the  ward  conflict. 

917.  A  guardian  must  without  delay  commence  to  make  an  exam- 
ination of  the  property  of  the  ward  and  must  within  one  montii  finish 
it  and  make  an  inventorJ^  Such  period  may,  however,  be  extended  by 
tho  family  council. 

The  examination  and  the  making  of  the  inventory  have  no  effect, 
unless  done  in  the  presence  of  the  supervisor  of  guardianship. 

If  a  guardian  does  not  make  an  inventory  according  to  the  provisions 
of  the  foregoing  two  paragraphs,  the  family  council  may  remove  him. 

921.  The  guardian  of  a  minor  has  as  to  the  matters  mentioned  in 
articles  879-883  and  article  885  the  same  rights  and  duties  as  a  parent 
exercising  the  parental  power ;  but  he  must  have  the  consent  of  the 
family  council  to  change  the  manner  of  the  bringing  up  of  the  ward 
or  of  his  residence  as  established  by  the  parent  exercising  the  parental 
power,  or  to  place  the  minor  in  a  correctional  institution,  or  to  permit 
him  to  carry  on  business  or  to  withdraw  or  restrict  such  permission. 

923.  A  guardian  manages  the  property  of  the  ward  and  represents 
him  in  all  juristic  acts  relating  to  it. 

924.  A  guardian  must  on  his  entering  upon  his  duties  determine 
in  advance  with  the  consent  of  the  family  council  the  amount  which 
shall  be  spent  each  year  for  the  support  and  education  or  for  the 
medical  attendance  and  care  of  the  ward  and  for  the  management  of 
his  property. 

The  amount  so  fixed  can  be  changed  only  with  the  consent  of  the 
family  council;  but  this  does  not  prevent  the  expenditure  of  a  larger 
amount  in  case  of  necessity. 

925.  The  family  council  may  allow  to  the  guardian  a  reasonable 
compensation  out  of  the  property  of  the  ward,  taking  into  consideration 
his  pecuniary  condition  and  that  of  the  ward  and  other  circumstances. 
But  this  does  not  apply,  if  the  guardian  is  the  husband  or  wife,  a 
lineal  blood  relative  or  the  head  of  the  house  of  the  ward. 


CITIZENSHIP.  189 

927.  The  family  council  must  determine  at  the  time  of  the  pruar- 
dian's  entering?  upon  his  duties  an  amount  upon  rcachinf,'  which  the 
guardian  must  deposit  all  money  received  by  him  for  the  ward. 

If  a  guardian  does  not  within  a  reasonable  time  deposit  money 
received  for  the  ward,  although  the  amount  determined  by  the  family 
council  has  been  reached,  he  must  pay  legal  interest  upon  it. 

The  place  of  deposit  of  the  money  is  determined  l)y  the  guardian 
with  the  consent  of  the  family  council. 

928.  A  designated  or  appointed  guardian  mu.st  make  a  report  to 
the  family  council  at  least  once  a  year  on  the  condition  of  the  ward's 
property. 

931.  A  guardian  can  hire  property  of  the  ward  only  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  family  council. 

932.  If  a  guardian  does  not  perform  his  duties,  the  family  council 
may  appoint  a  temporary  manager  and  causo  him  to  manage  the 
ward's  property  on  the  guardian's  responsibility. 

933.  The  family  council  may  require  a  guardian  to  give  proper 
security  for  the  management  and  the  restoration  of  the  ward's  property 

THE  FAMILY  COUNCIL. 

945.  The  family  council  consists  of  at  least  three  persons  appointed 
by  the  court  from  among  the  relatives  of  the  person  concerned  or  else 
from  among  persons  connected  with  him  or  with  his  house. 

Chapter  VIII. 

THE  DUTY  OF  SUPPORT. 

954.  Lineal  blood  relatives  and  brothers  and  sisters  are  bound  to 
support  each  other. 

955.  If  there  are  several  persons  bound  to  furnish  support,  the 
duty  rests  upon  them  in  the  following  order : 

1.  Husband  or  wife ; 

2.  Lineal  descendants; 

3.  Lineal  ascendants ; 

4.  The  head  of  the  house : 

5.  The  persons  specified  in  article  954,  2 ; 

6.  Brothers  and  sisters. 

As  among  lineal  ascendants  or  as  among  lineal  descendants,  the 
person  nearest  in  degree  is  first  bound  to  furnish  support.  The  same 
applies  as  among  the  lineal  ascendants  mentioned  in  article  954,  2. 

956.  If  there  are  several  persons  of  the  same  rank  bound  to  furnish 
support,  the  burden  is  apportioned  among  them  according  to  their 
respective  pecuniary  abilities ;  but  as  between  those  belonging  to  the 
house  and  those  not  belonging  to  it,  the  former  are  in  the  first  instance 
bound  to  furnish  support. 

960.  The  extent  of  the  support  is  determined  by  the  needs  of  the 
person  to  be  supported  and  by  the  condition  in  life  and  the  means  of 
the  person  bound  to  furnish  support. 


190  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENT.U.. 

Letter  of  Professor  Wm.  Carey  Jones. 

University  of  California,  School  of  Jlrispruuence, 
Berkeley,  California. 

BoALT  Hall  of  Law,  March  17,  1920. 
Mr.  Frank  L.  I.atiirop, 

Farm  Expert,  State  Hoard  of  Control, 
Sacramento,  California. 
Dear  Mr.  Latiirop  :  I  have  been  awaiting  reports  which  I  tried  to  set  on  foot 
in  response  to  your  inquiry.  I  have  just  received  the  enclosed  from  Professor  John 
Norton  I'omeroy  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  now  at  work  on  digesting  treaties  for 
the  State  Department,  and  temporarily  residing  here.  I  don't  know  whether  this 
investigation  of  Mr.  Pomeroy's  is  of  any  service  to  you  or  not. 

I  have  one  additional  item  to  give  you.  In  the  appendi.x  to  De  Becker's  Civil 
Code  of  Japan,  is  a  copy  of  the  law  of  naturalization  of  April  1,  18l>9.  Article  1  of 
this  law  reads  as  follows  : 

"A  child  is  a  Japanese  if  his  or  her  father  is  a  Japanese  at  the  time  of  hi.s  or  her 
birth.  The  same  applies  if  the  father  who  died  previous  to  the  child's  birth  was  a 
Japanese  at  the  time  of  his  death." 

I  am  at  a  loss  to  know  what  further  help  I  can  give  you.     I  shall  be  very  happy 
to  be  of  any  service  within  my  power. 
Very  sincerely  yours, 

Wm.  Carey  Jones. 

CITIZENSHIP  OF  CHILDREN,  BORN  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  OF 
ALIENS  WHO   ARE  INCAPABLE   OF   NATURALIZATION. 

By  Pkof.  John  Norton  Pomexoy  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 

Whatever  doubts  may  have  existed,  prior  to  1898,  concerning  tlic  meaning  of  (lie 
definition  of  "citizens"  contained  in  tlu;  fourteenth  amendment,  were  set  at  rest  by 
the  case  of  United  States  vs.  Wong  Kim  Ark,  1(»9  U.  S.  U49,  holding  that  a  China- 
man, born  of  parents  residing  in  this  country,  and  returning,  about  a  year  after  his 
majority,  from  a  visit  to  China,  was  not  .subject  to  the  Chinese  exclusion  acts;  he 
having  never  gained  a  new  residence  or  renounced  his  allegian(!e  to  the  United  Stales. 

In  other  words,  the  fourteenth  amendment  means  precisely  what  it  says. 

169  U.  S.  OtiS.  "It  is  the  inherent  right  of  every  indei)cndent  nation  to  determine 
for  itself,  and  according  to  its  own  constitution  and  laws,  what  clas.ses  of  persons 
shall  be  entitled  to  citizenship."  So  long  as  the  child  remains  within  the  United 
States,  therefore,  his  political  status  is  a  question  of  our  municipal  law,  for  deter- 
mination by  our  courts.  When,  however,  he  comes  within  the  territorial  jurisdiction 
of  the  country  of  his  parents,  it  may  be  that  under  the  laws  of  that  country  he  is  a 
citizen  thereof,  and  subject  to  duties  of  allegiance  thereto.  It  then  becomes  a  ques- 
tion of  diplomatic  policy  to  what  extent  and  under  what  circumstances  the  United 
States  shall  undertake  to  afford  him  protection.  For  numerous  examples  of  our 
diplomatic  practice,  see  3  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  pp.  532  et  scq.\  that 
practice  has  not  always  been  consistent ;  see  Id.  p.  034,  Case  of  Pinto. 

Right  of  expatriation. 

169  U.  S.  704.  "No  doubt  he  might  himself,  after  coming  of  age,  renounce  this 
citizenship,  and  become  a  citizen  of  the  country  of  his  parents,  or  of  any  other 
country."  , 

The  policy  of  our  laws  has  always  favored  the  right  of  e.\patriatiou  ;  and  it  was 
recognized  (18U8)  by  Congress  as  "a  natural  and  inherent  right  of  all  people,  indis- 
pensable to  the  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuits  of  happi- 
ness."    U.  S.  Comp.  Stats.  3955. 

P^xpatriation  may,  by  statute,  result  from  naturalization  in,  or  taking  an  oath 
of  allegiance  to,  any  foreign  state  (U.  S.  Comp.  Stats.  3959),  or  by  marriage  to  an 
alien  husband  (U.  S.  Comp.  Stats.  31HX)).  Apart  from  these  methods,  there  must 
be,  in  the  ca^e  of  native  born  citizens,  an  actual,  voluntary  remocal  from  the  coantry, 
without  animus  revertendi.     See  numerous  cases  collected,  11  Corpus  Juris,  p.  784. 

Can  there  be  expatriation  (apart  from  statute)  of  a  native  born  citizen  during 
his  minority? 

There  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  by  prompt  election  on  attaining  majority  a 
native  born  child  who  has  been  removed   from  this  country  may  claim  his  United 


CITIZENSHIP.  191 

States  citizenship;  see  cases  of  diplomatic  protection  extended  under  these  circum- 
stances, 3  Moore  543  ct  seq.  The  best  proof  of  such  election  of  citizensiiip  \h  by  a 
prompt  return  to  the  United  States  ;  Id,  548,  550. 

It  would  seem  to  follow,  logically,  that  the  mere  acts  (1)  of  the  pari'iits  in  taking 
the  child  to  their  country,  even  for  a  prolonged  slay,  or  (2)  of  the  child  involuntarily 
removing,  while  a  minor,  to  the  parcwils"  country,  do  not  debar  the  child,  on  hi« 
return  to  tiie  United  States  duriii;/  minority,  from  his  status  as  citizen.  Sw  l<i9 
U.  S.  704:  "Whether  any  act  of  himself,  or  of  his  parents,  during  his  minority, 
would  have  the  same  effect  (viz,  expatriation),  is  at  least  doubtful.  lie  is  not  com- 
petent to  expatriate  himself  during  minority."  State  vs.  Jacknon.  79  Vt.  504 ; 
Ludlam  vs.  Ludlam,  2G  N.  Y.  35(5.  Conclusive  federal  authority  on  this  point  is,  to 
be  sure,  laclting;  but  there  are  several  cases  where  a  returning  minor  was  immedi- 
ately readmitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship  after  an  absence  extending  over  a 
considerable  number  of  years. 

Summary:    When  Japanese   born   in    United   States   may  claim    in   United   States 
rights  of  United  States  citizenship. 

I.  A  Japanese  child,  born  in  this  country,  who  has  never  left  this  country,  is 
plainly  a  citizen  under  our  laws,  as  much  as  any  other  native  born  person. 

If  he  goes  to  Japan,  his  political  status  there  is  a  matter  for  Japanese  law  and 
United  States  diplomacy. 

II.  If  he  is  taken  to  Japan  during  minority  and  (1)  returns  to  this  country  for 
a  permanent  stay  shortly  after  majority,  he  thereby  elects  his  United  States  citizen- 
ship ;  or  if  he  (2)  returns  before  majority  for  a  permanent  stay,  his  remaining  after 
majority  constitutes  such  election.  Dicta  and  logic  support  the  opinion,  in  this- 
latter  case:  (3)  that  his  rights  of  citizenship  may  always  be  asserted,  immediately 
upon  hi.s  return  to  the  United  States. 

III.  The  status  of  a  Japanese  child  taken  to  Japan  during  minority  and  returning 
some  years  after  attaining  majority  is  a  question  of  fact,  depending  on  the  cir- 
cumstances of  each  case. 

IV.  However,  a  Japanese  child  may,  under  statute,  lose  his  United  States  citizen- 
ship by  foreign  naturalization  or  oath  of  allegiance  ;  or,  if  a  female  by  marriage  tc 
an  alien. 

The  above  memorandum  relates  to  citizenship,  and  the  political  rights  flowing 
therefrom.  Civil  status,  with  the  rights  of  inheritance,  marriage,  etc.,  involve  the 
question  of  domicile,  which  is  an  entirely  different  matter. 

Note. — The  above  was  furnished  the  Board  of  Control   through  the  courtesy  or 
Prof.  Wm.  Carey  Jones,  Dean  of  the  School  of  Jurisprudence  of  the  University  c 
California,  at  whose  request  on  our  behalf  it  was  prepared  by  Prof.  John  Xorton 
Pomeroy   of   the   University   of   Illinois,   who   was   temporarily   residing   in   Berkeley 
while  making  a  digest  of  treaties  for  the  State  Department  at  Washington. 


Future  Voters. 

California  bears  in  mind  that  there  are  now  21,611  Japanese  minor 
children,  born  in  California,  all  of  whom  will  shortly  become  full- 
fledged  voters,  some  already  having  acquired  that  right.  To  this 
number  must  be  added  approximately  5000  American-born  Japanese 
temporarily^  domiciled  in  Japan  for  educational  purposes  who  are 
eligible  to  return  here  at  any  time  and  who  wall,  upon  reaching 
majority,  exercise  the  right  to  vote. 

Besides  these  must  be  counted  those  Japanese  who  are  citizens  of 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and,  therefore,  American  citizens,  and  who  are 
coming  to    California   in   ever-increasing   numbers. 

Considering  the  preponderance  of  Japanese  population  in  certain 
California  localities,  the  results  that  will  follow  in  the  future  from 
this  voting  privilege  merit  serious   consideration. 


Section  XII. 
SCHOOLS. 


13—4460 


SCHOOLS. 

In  this  section: 

(1)  Attendance  of  Orientals  in  American  public  schools. 

(2)  Japanese  language  schools  conducted  by  Japanese  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

(3)  Japanese  language  schools  in  Hawaii. 

(4)  Effect  of  these  Japanese  schools  upon  the  Americanization 
of  Japanese  as  pictured  by  Dr.  Sidney  L.  Gulick  v/ith  quotation 
from  him. 

(5)  Japanese  home  influence  nullifies  American  school  teachings. 


I9C 


SCHOOLS.  1.'7 


SCHOOLS. 

Orientals  attend  the  Aniericiiii  public  s(;hool.s.  In  fact,  in  a  number 
(if  districts  the  Japaiicso  now  constitute  the  major  part  of  the  attend- 
ance, whites  and  Japanese  attcndinf?  the  same  schools,  together. 

Japanese   Language   Schools. 

The  -Japanese,  besides  attending  the  American  public  schools,  thereby 
acquirinc:  the  English  language  and  a  knowledge  of  American  customs, 
in  many  districts  they  also  attend  private;  Japanese  schools  conducted  in 
the  Japanese  language  in  which  are  taught  the  language,  laws,  customs, 
history  and  religion  of  Japan.  How  many  there  are  at  present 
of  these  Japanese  language  schools  was  not  ascertained  definitely. 
However,  in  a  mcniorial  address,  prepared  by  the  Japanese  Association 
of  America  (in  California),  to  tlie  President  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  occasion  of  his  visit  to  California  in  1919,  the  Japanese  Association 
stated  that  there  were  in  California  seventy-five  such  Japanese  language 
schools,  which  they  designate  as  "supplementary"  schools. 

While  these  schools  are  said  by  the  Japanese  to  be  primarily  for  the 
study  of  the  Japanese  language,  and  not  intended  to  perpetuate  the 
traditions  and  moral  concepts  of  Japan,  nevertheless,  when  an  attempt 
was  made  in  the  Territorial  Legislature  of  Hawaii  to  require  teachers 
in  these  Japanese  language  schools  to  qualify  for  a  certificate  to  teach, 
by  passing  an  examination  in  the  Englisli  language,  American  history 
and  American  civics,  the  measure  introduced  in  the  legislature  for  this 
purpose  was  strongly  opposed  by  Japanese  educators  and  editors  on 
the  ground  that  it  would  force  Japanese  schools  in  that  territory  to 
close.  This  opposition  defeated  the  bill.  (See  Appendix  "A"  of 
Hearings  before  Committee  on  Immigration  and  Naturalization.  House 
of  Representatives,  page  277.) 

Japanese   Home   Influence   Nullifies  American   School  Teachings. 

It  seems  apparent  tliat  the  teachings  of  the  American  public  schools 
do  not  offset  the  Japanese  home  influence,  for,  after  years  of  residence 
in  California,  the  Japanese  still  continue  to  congregate  in  racial  groups, 
speak  the  Japanese  language  among  themselves  and  adhere  to  the  cus- 
toms of  the  mother  country.  There  is  little  evidence  of  their  assimila- 
tion. Dr.  Sidney  L.  Gulick,  author  of  numerous  books  and  articles  on 
the  Japanese  question,  lecturer  in  the  Imperial  University  of  Japan, 
and  who  is  by  no  means  unfriendly  to  the  Japanese,  has  expressed  this 
very  aptly  in  his  book,  "The  American- Japanese  Problem,"  in  which, 
addressing  himself  to  the  subject  as  it  relates  to  the  teaching  of  Japa- 
nese children  in  the  schools  of  Hawaii,  he  writes  as  follows : 

"It  is  not  to  be  assumed  that  the  odncation  they   (.Japanese  children)    receive  in 

the  public  schools,  which  they  leave  at  14  or  15  years  of  age,  is  adequate  to  prepare 

them  for  citizenship  during  the  six  or  seven  year.s  after  they  £:et  out  from  under  the 

iutiucnce    of    their    American    teachers.     Most    of    the    boys    will    be    isolated    from 

I       English-speaking-  Americans;  they  will  be  associated  chieflv  with  men  of  their  own 


198  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

race,  imbibing,  therefore,  the  Oriental  ideas  as  they  approach  manhood.  The  mere 
fact,  accordingly,  of  American  birth,  public  school  education,  and  the  requisite  age 
should  not  be  regarded  as  adequate  qualification  for  the  suffrage :  for  it  is  to  be 
remembered  that  during  the  entire  period  of  schooling,  not  only  have  they  been  in 
Oriental  homes,  but  the  Japanese  at  heart  have  been  diligently  drilled  in  Japanese 
schools  by  Japanese  teachers,  many  of  whom  have  little  acquaintance  and  no 
sympathy  with  American  institutions  or  a  Christian  civilization. 

If,  as  Asiatics,  they  maintain  their  traditional  conceptions  of  God,  nature,  and 
man,  of  male  and  female,  of  hu.sband  and  wife,  of  parent  and  child,  of  ruler  and 
ruled,  of  the  state  and  the  individual,  the  permanent  maintenance  in  Hawaii  of 
American  democracy,  American  homes,  and  American  liberty  is  impossible." 

Concerning  the  Japanese  language  schools  in  California,  the  Japa- 
nese Association  of  America  in  the  memorial  to  the  President,  above 
mentioned,  has  the  following  to  say : 

"Aside  from  the  schools  for  instructing  Japanese  in  English  there  are  seventy-five 
so-called  'supplementary'  schools  for  teaching  children  the  Japanese  language. 
These  are  attended  by  the  Japanese  pupils  after  the  public  schools  close  for  the 
day.  They  are  primarily  for  the  study  of  the  Japanese  language  and  are  not 
intended  to  perpetuate  the  traditions  and  moral  concepts  of  .Japan.  Of  course,  these 
are  criticised  by  hostile  Americans.  But  says  Professor  Millis.  'They  are  supple- 
mentary schools,  and  at  the  worst,  there  is  much  less  in  them  to  be  adversely 
criticised  than  in  the  parochial  schools  attended  by  so  many  children  of  the  South 
and  European  immigrants.  No  real  problem  is  yet  evident  connected  with  Japanese 
children  on  American  soil.'  " 


Section  XIII. 
APPENDIX. 


199 


APPENDIX. 

For  the  purpose  of  permitting  the  presentation  of  the  Japanese 
side  of  the  whole  matter  contained  in  this  report,  there  is  appended 
hereto  the  following: 

(1)  Memorial  address  prepared  by  the  Japanese  Association  of 
America  (in  California)  and  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States  while  at  San  Francisco  on  September  18,  1919,  upon 
the  occasion  of  his  visit  to  California.  This  covers  the  whole  range 
of  Japanese  relations  to  this  state. 

(2)  Truth  of  the  Japanese  Farming  in  California  by  Toyoji  Chiba, 
Managing  Director  of  the  Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of 
California. 

Appended  herewith  is  printed  the  text  of  the  initiative  measure 
amending  the  Alien  Land  Law  of  California  which  is  now  being 
circulated  and  is  proposed  to  be  voted  upon  at  the  general  election 
in  November,  1920. 


201 


Al'I'KNDIX.  203 

MEMORIAL  PRESENTED  TO  THE  PRESIDENT  WHILE  AT  SAN 
FRANCISCO  ON  SEPTEMBER  18,  1919. 

THE   JAPANESE    ASSOCIATION    OF    AMERICA. 
No.  444  Bush  Street,  San   Francisco,  California. 

Ilonorahle  Woodrow  Wilson, 

President  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
San  Francisco,  California. 

Mr,  President:  The  Japanese  Association  of  America,  on  behalf  of 
resident  Japanese  in  tlie  State  of  California,  extends  greetings  to  you 
and  begs  to  add  its  voice  of  welcome  to  that  of  the  great  state  which 
you  now  honor  by  your  presence.  It  sincerely  hopes  that  the  noble 
task  in  which  you  are  now  engaged  may  be  fully  realized,  and  that 
world  peace  and  happiness  may  be  the  ultimate  rewards  of  the  labors 
for  humanity  to  which  your  great  efforts  are  devoted. 

The  Japanese  people  of  this  state,  trusting  implicitly  in  the  lofty 
spirit  of  justice  and  fair  dealing  which  have  characterized  your  every 
public  act  and  expression,  take  advantage  of  your  presence  in  Cali- 
fornia to  lay  before  you  a  few  facts  and  figures  bearing  upon  their 
relations  to  the  community  in  which  they  reside,  and  they  venture  to 
ask  for  them  your  respectful  and  disinterested  consideration. 

The  cry  against  our  people  may  be  historically  traced  as  far  back  as 
1887,  when  there  were  no  more  than  400  Japanese  in  the  entire  state. 
The  so-called  Japanese  question  did  not,  however,  assume  an  acute 
character  until  1906,  when  the  school  question  arose.  Unfortunately 
that  question  was  settled  by  the  politicians  and  not  determined  upon 
its  true  merits.  At  any  rate,  ever  since  that  date,  the  Japanese  "ques- 
tion" has  become  an  issue  of  a  most  complicated  nature--political, 
economic,  racial,  diplomatic — always  resulting  in  the  suffering  of  the 
Japanese  residents.  A  few  of  the  more  familiar  cases  might  be  men- 
tioned. The  "Gentlemen's  Agreement,"  under  the  workings  .of  which 
America  prohibits  Japanese  immigration,  has  been  so  strictly  admin- 
istered by  the  Japanese  government  that  there  has  been  no  immigration 
from  Japan.  The  alien  land  law  of  this  state,  enacted  in  1013,  prohibits 
Japanese  ownership  of  land  and  limits  the  terms  of  lease  to  three  years. 

This  limitation  strikes  at  the  very  foundations  of  farming  so  far  as 
the  Japanese  are  concerned,  and  the  limitation  is  substantially  inter- 
fering with  all  Japanese  agricultural  enterprises.  Not  satisfied  with 
these  annoying  measures,  innumerable  anti-Japanese  bills  were  intro- 
duced at  the  last  session  of  the  State  Legislature.  One  of  these  proposed 
to  deprive  the  Japanese  of  the  right  to  lease  land  while  another  pro- 
posed to  segregate  Japanese  children  in  the  public  schools. 

These  facts,  not  to  mention  others,  have  tended  to  strain  the  historic 
friendly  relations  between  the  United  States  and  Japan.  We  regret 
the  situation.  However,  the  Japanese  residents,  on  the  whole,  have 
so    far   entertained    the   faith    that   the   American    Governmeni   would 


204 


CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAI.. 


eventually  protect  them  and  render  tliem  justice  and  peaee.  A  great 
deal  of  anxiety  has.  in  the  meantime,  been  experienced  by  them.  This 
is  but  natural,  and  this  unrest  has  been  reflected  across  the  ocean. 
Rome  of  us  who  feel  that  we  are  better  acquainted  with  the  situation, 
have  taken  the  position  that  our  best  course  must  come  from  education 
and  we  have  been  doing  our  utmost  in  what  we  characterize  as  an 
"Americanization  campaign."  We  point  out  to  our  fellow-countrymen 
the  better  elements  in  American  civilization,  urging  them  to  strive  for 
their  own  improvement  and  better  fit  themselves  for  American  life, 
hoping  thereby  to  be  relieved  of  the  anxiety  created  and  reenforeed  by 
the  constant  agitation  against  them.  Our  Americanization  campaign 
will  prove  fruitless  unless  backed  by  true  sympathy  on  the  part  of 
Americans.  We  regret  to  say  that  even  to  these  efforts  on  our  part 
there  has  been  given  but  little  response  or  sympathy. 

May  we  not  then  appeal  to  you,  Mr.  President,  and  ask  your  powerful 
aid  in  so  adjusting  our  condition  on  this  coast  that  we  may  engage  in 
legitimate  pursuits  and  live  in  peace? 

A  census  of  the  Japanese  in  California,  taken  in  September.  1918, 
shows  the  following  facts:  The  total  Japanese  population  is  68.983, 
composed  of  41.842  male  adults,  12,232  female  adults,  7877  male  chil- 
dren and  7031  female  children.  Of  these  the  farmers  and  their  families 
number  19.044.  while  farm  laborers  and  their  families  count  18,968. 
In  other  words,  more  than  50  per  cent  of  the"*  Japanese  in  the  state  are 
engaged  in  agriculture  and  horticulture.  The  remainder  are  engaged 
in  commerce,  in  domestic  service,  transportation,  factories,  canneries,  etc. 

The  Japanese  in  agriculture  constitute  the  most  important  element 
in  number  as  well  as  in  other  respects.  And  thus  it  happens  that  what- 
ever hostility  now  exists  is  generally  directed  against  this  particular 
element.  The  status  of  this  element  may  be  briefly  stated.  The  most 
recent  investigations  show  the  number  and  acreage  of  farms  cultivated 
by  Japanese  under  various  methods  as  follows: 

California    Farms   Under  Japanese   Management. 


Northern    coast    

Sacramento    Valley    . 
San    Joaquin    Valley. 

Livingston    

Central   California   .. 
Southern  coast  

Totals    

Southern  Calilornia  . 

Grand   totals -         528 


Ownership 

Tenant 

Contract 

T 

>tal 

Number 

Area 

Number 

2SS 

1,220  ; 

367 

5 

549 

308 

Area 

8.839 
117,057 
57,779 
125 
40,758 
90,493 

Number 

13 

14 
28 

Area 

1,400 

4,040 
3,703 

Numlier 

275 

1,380 

405 

39 

828 

855 

Area 

» 

146 
10 
34 

lg9 

2,165 

6,811 
6,315 
1,751 

9,723 
600 

12,414 

127,906 
67,797 
1,876 

j<;i.4Si 

31 

65 

14,465 

45,558 

442 

84 

27,355 
2,950 

2,672 
2,266 

255,071 
81,650 

120 

23,608 

3,780 
2,350 

306,037 
84,600 

30,305        4,938        336,721 


120 


23,608        6,130 


390,637 


APPENDIX. 


205 


Again,  the  follovviii;^'  tahlf  sliows  tlie  crops  raised  by  the  Japanese 
farmers,  as  well  as  tlieir  values: 


Grapes 

Berries  

Fruits    

Greens    

Potatoes .- 

Onions  

Asparagus 

Tomatoes    - 

Celery 

Cantaloupes  .— 

Beans  

Kice  - 

Seeds -.. - 

Sugar  beets   

Hay   and  cereals. , 

Corn   --- - 

Hops    - 

Ornamental  flowers  and  plants 

Cotton    -- 

Miscellaneous  - 

Totals    


Acraaffe 


47,439 

5,9G8 

29,210 

17,852 

18,830 

9,Z51 

9,927 

10,616 

3,568 

9,581 

77,107 

16,640 

15,847 

51,604 

15,753 

7,845 

1,260 

298 

18,000 

5,084 


Yield  per 
acre 


|1S0 

700 

150 

300 

135 

250 

150 

160 

300 

250 

70 

160 

160 

70 

50 

00 

180 


100 


ToUI 
yielrl 


17,115360 

3,580,800 

7,381 .500 

5,355,600 

2,542,050 

2,312.750 

1,489,050 

1,638,560 

1,070,4<X) 

2,396,250 

5,387,490 

2,662,400 

2,535.520 

3,612,280 

787,650 

470,700 

226,800 

450,000 

1,800,000 

491070 


371,680   $53,375,720 


To  illustrate  more  concretely  how  the  Japanese  farmers  have 
achieved  their  present  position  the  following  illustration  may  be  given. 
In  1918  eJapanese  farmers  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  contributed  more 
than  1,000,000  sacks  of  rice  to  the  food  supply  of  the  United  States  and 
it?  allies.  They  planted  25,000  acres  to  rice  in  the  five  counties  of 
Sutter,  Yuba,  Colusa,  Glenn  and  Butte.  This  year  the  total  acreage 
devoted  to  the  same  industry  has  increased  to  140,000,  of  which  33.000 
acres  are  cultivated  by  Japanese.  They  expect  to  harvest  9,400,000 
bushels.  Of  these  the  Japanese  share  is  expected  to  reach  2,400,000 
bashels. 

This  immensely  prosperous  industry,  which  in  eight  years  has 
assumed  a  commanding  position  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  was  first  put 
Dn  a  safe  commercial  basis  and  proved  a  success  by  Japanese.  Japanese 
were  not  .the  first  to  try  rice  in  California,  but  they  w^ere  the  first  to 
make  it  a  commercial  proposition.  They  were  the  first  to  apply  with 
practical  success  the  experimental  results  of  the  government  rice  station 
at  Biggs.  And  they  were  the  ones  who  stuck  to  rice  through  all  the 
years  before  the  industry  emerged  from  its  uncertainties  and  became 
firmly  established. 

The  Japanese  demonstrated  success  and  the  American  farmers  who 
have  since  been  getting  rich  out  of  the  industry  and  who  now  greatly 
outnuml)er  the  Japanese  rice  planters,  must  admit  that  their  prosperity 
IS  founded  on  the  structure  built  by  the  daring  and  persistence  of  the 
(jt'panese. 

There  is  soniething  more.  This  pioneering  developed  a  huge  food 
production  on  land  that  in  most  cases  will  not  grow  anything  else. 
It  is  admitted  that  the  rice  industry  has  been  created  out  of  nothing. 


206  CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Certainly  the  lands  on  which  it  has  been  built  up  were  next  to  nothing 
before  the  persistent  industry  of  the  pioneers  demonstrated  that  rice 
would  grow  on  them.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  rice  can  not  be  grown 
successfully  in  California  except  on  the  poorest  lands.  The  very  con- 
ditions that  spoil  the  land  for  other  crops  are  the  ones  necessarj-  to  the 
success  of  rice.  On  good  soils  rice  grows  so  rankly  that  the  heads  do 
not  mature  until  too  late,  bringing  the  harvest  pa-st  the  beginning  of 
the  rainy  season.  Hardpan  close  to  the  surface,  the  bane  of  land  where 
it  occurs,  is  essential  to  rice  growing.  Rice  fields  must  be  kept  flooded 
through  the  growing  season.  Consequently  hardpan  must  be  present 
to  hold  the  water.  Most  of  the  lands  now  devoted  to  rice  are  so 
impregnated  with  alkali  that  only  salt  grass  grew  on  them  before. 

The  growers  had  everything  to  learn.  Americans  were  at  a  loss 
because  the  varieties  they  were  familiar  with  in  the  South  were  not 
successful.  And  though  a  Japanese  rice,  the  Wataribune  variety, 
finally  became  the  commonest  one  grown,  even  Japanese  farmers 
familiar  with  rice  growing  in  their  own  country  were  no  better  off. 
In  Japan  rice  is  cultivated  intensively.  The  young  plants  are  germi- 
nated in  seed  beds  to  be  transplanted  in  small  paddies,  where  they  are 
cultivated  by  hand.  Such  methods  are  impossible  in  rice  growing  on 
a  large  scale  as  it  is  practiced  in  California. 

Consequently  the  early  rice  growers,  Japanese  and  American,  lost 
money.  Most  of  them  quit.  But  one  Japanese  stuck  to  it  and  thereby 
earned  the  title  of  pioneer  in  California  rice  growing.  That  was 
K.  Ikuta,  who  never  quit,  but  is  still  growing  and  successfully.  And 
ten  years  ago  the  land  now  devoted  to  rice  growing  Avas  worth  no  more 
than  ten  dollars  an  acre.  No  one  will  now  sell  the  same  land  for  less 
than  one  hundred  dollars.  The  rental  on  these  lands  varies  from 
thirty-five  to  forty-five  dollars.  Is  not  this  a  substantial  creation  of 
Avealth  for  the  state? 

Again,  vast  acres  along  the  lower  Sacramento  and  the  San  Joaquin 
reclaimed  from  an  original  condition  of  swamp  and  tule  beds,  long 
reaches  of  orchard  and  vineyard  on  the  east  side  of  the  San  Joaquin 
and  Sacramento  Valleys  developed  from  a  semidesert,  where  at  the  best 
only  crops  of  hay  or  grain  were  produced  before,  great  areas  of  garden 
and  orchard  in  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  which,  in  like  fashion,  have 
sprung  up  on  former  hay  fields,  and  many  other  improvements  in 
various  parts  of  the  state  testify  to  the  pioneering  of  the  Japanese. 

An  American  writer  says: 

"The  most  striking  feature  of  Japanese  farming  in  California  has  been 
this  development  of  successful  orchards,  vineyards  or  gardens  on  land 
that  was  either  completely  out  of  use  or  else  employed  for  far  less 
profitable  purposes.  Ignorant  of  the  fact^  of  the  case,  we  have  been 
inclined  to  believe  in  California  that  Japanese  farmers  have  merely 
taken  over  lands  and  farms  of  American  farmers  and  continued  the 
business  as  they  found  it.  The  slightest  study,  however,  shows  tliis 
conclusion  to  be  a  complete  error. 


APPENDIX.  207 

The  Japanese  farmer  in  California  has  always  been  a  great  developer 
and  improver.  Where  he  has  taken  over  lands  that  were  in  use  before 
his  time  lie  has  almost  always,  if  not  always,  put  tiiem  to  a  far  hif^her 
use  and  made  them  far  more  valuable  than  they  were  before.  But 
with  a  great  proportion  of  the  lands  he  now  farms  he  has  developed 
them  out  of  nothinfj^,  or  next  to  nothing. 

lie  is  the  skillful  agriculturist  who  has  done  so  much  to  bring  out 
the  riches  of  the  vast  delta  of  the  San  Joaquin  and  the  Sacramento.  He 
is  the  vine  planter  who  has  transformed  the  poor  clay  lands  of  Florin, 
Acampo  and  Lodi  into  rich  vineyards.  He  is  the  horticulturist  who 
dared  to  settle  on  the  shifting  sands  of  Livingston,  in  Merced  County, 
and  Bowles,  in  Fresno  County,  and  turned  those  wastes  into  valuable 
orchard  and  vineyard.  lie  is  the  adventurer  who  had  the  nerve  to 
level  the  formidable  'hog  wallow'  lands  along  the  thermal  belt  in  Tulare 
County  and  plant  on  them  the  oranges  and  vines,  the  proved  success  of 
which  has  changed  these  spring  sheep  pastures  into  another  prosperous 
extension  of  the  citrus  region,  of  California.  He  is  the  persistent 
experimenter  who  hung  on  in  rice  growing  until  it  became  a  success. 

In  all  this  and  in  much  more  the  Japanese  farmer  was  the  pioneer. 
It  must  not  be  thoaght  that  he  struck  out  these  successes  for  himself 
alone.  He  does  not  enjoy  alone  the  wealth  he  created  and  the  prosperity 
he  produced.  In  all  these  places  his  daring  and  industry  immensely 
increased  the  value  not  only  of  the  lands  he  had  bought  or  leased,  but 
as  well  of  those  of  the  American  landholders  in  the  vicinity.  His  success 
as  a  pioneer  was  the  example  that  brought  many  times,  his  number  of 
American  farmers  to  these  localities  to  engage  with  profit  in  the  indus- 
tries which  he  had  demonstrated  for  their  benefit. 

Prosperous  as  the  Japanese  farmers  in  California  are,  it  is  just  to 
say  that  they  have  produced  for  American  farmers  many  times  the 
wealth  they  have  gained  for  themselves.  In  the  enhancement  of  land 
values  alone  Japanese  farmers  have  added  millions  to  the  total  wealth 
of  the  state.  This  means  not  only  the  enlarged  value  of  the  lands  they 
have  farmed  and  improved,  but  also  the  increased  value  of  the  neighbor- 
ing lands.  In  all  the  once  hopeless  districts  in  which  Japanese  farmers 
have  made  a  success  the  American  farmers  who  came  after  have  them 
to  thank." 

Of  course,  these  achievements  are  not  without  sacrifices.  In  many 
other  places  in  California  besides  the  river  regions  the  Japanese 
farmers  have  met,  fought  Math  and  overcome  unhealthful  conditions. 
They  have  not  overcome  them  without  fearful  losses.  In  Fresno 
County  alone,  in  the  earlier  days  of  development,  when  water  and 
sanitary  conditions  were  bad,  the  Japanese  lost  3000  lives.  It  is  not 
too  much  to  say  that  the  lives  of  these  Japanese  boys  were  expended  in 
the  service  of  the  state  and  the  United  States. 

Furthermore,  the  Japanese  farmer  has  never  been  content  to  do 
merely  as  well  as  the  American  farmer  under  whom  he  learned  farming 
in  California.  When  he  has  not  been  pioneering  new  land  he  has 
always  found  a  way  to  make  the  soil  produce  a  better  and  more  profit- 
able crop  than  it  did  before. 


208  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Perhaps  the  most  brilliant  example  of  Japanese  agricultural  pio- 
neering in  California  i.s  the  colony  at  Livingston.  That  unique  colony 
in  Merced  County,  where  Japanese  and  American  live  and  work  in 
friendly  cooperation,  animated  by  ccmmon  purposes  of  good  citi/cnshi]i. 
still  remains  the  highest  example  of  Japanese  settlement  in  California. 

The  Japanese  of  Livingston,  where  85  per  cent  of  their  numbers  are 
Christians,  have  in  the  past  year  organized  a  church  and  called  a 
pastor.  The  new  church,  which  is  nondenominational,  was  organized, 
the  Livingston  Japanese  explain,  because  the  older  people  of  the  colony 
can  not  understand  services  in  Englisli.  The  idea  is  that  eventually 
all,  Japanese  and  Americans,  shall  go  to  the  same  church,  but  at  present 
the  elders  who  do  not  speak  much  English,  and  the  little  children,  go 
to  the  Japanese  cliurch  and  Sunday  school  while  the  older  children 
attend  the  American  church. 

The  Colony  Association  owns  ten  acras  which  has  been  set  aside  for 
the  church  buildings  and  a  public  park.  The  Association  meeting  hall, 
ir  the  park,  has  been  enlarged  and  now  serves  for  church  .services  as 
well  as  for  public  meetings.  American  citizens  of  the  community  have 
presented  the  Japanese  meeting  hall  with  a  large  American  flag  and  a 
portrait  of  President  Wilson. 

Let  one  of  the  colonists  speak. 

"The  following  points  are,  in  my  opinion,  the  most  conspicuous 
reasons,  among  others,  why  the  Japanese  colonists  in  this  place  are  able 
to  keep  their  social  order  comparatively  systematically  : 

In  the  first  place,  the  pioneer  Japanese  settlers  here  bought  their 
lands  and  cultivated  them  with  their  own  hands. 

In  the  second  place,  I  must  not  forget  to  point  out  the  kindness  of  our 
American  neighbors  to  us. 

The  third  point  is  the  fact  that  most  of  the  Japanese  residents  in  this 
place  are  followers  of  Christianity. 

Lastly,  there  is  one  thing  that  I  want  to  call  to  the  attention  on 
thoughtful  Americans  and  Japanese  in  California.  It  ia  the  question 
of  the  Japanese  farmers  in  California.  I  do  not  mean  to  discuss  the 
immigration  problem,  which  has  been  discussed  by  many  able  persons. 
But  we  must  admit  the  fact  that,  because  of  the  Alien  Land  Law,  pro- 
hibiting the  ownersliip  of  land  by  Japanese  and  prohibiting  land  leases 
for  more  than  three  years,  most  of  the  Japanese  in  the  state,  with  their 
families,  are  forced  to  wander  about  from  one  place  to  another  without 
any  definite  aim  of  settling  down. 

Under  such  circumstances  must  they  not  only  earn  their  living,  but 
support  their  families  and  give  their  children  education.  Most  of  their 
children,  being  native  born  citizens  of  this  country,  naturally  look  on 
this  country  as  their  own  fatherland,  and  eonseiiucntly  it  is  needless  to 
say  that  it  is  the  duty  of  their  parents  as  well  as  of  society  itself  to  give 
them  a  sound  education  and  to  make  them  good  and  able  citizens  of  the 
United  States.  Education  does  not  always  give  a  man  personalit\-. 
Building  up  of  manhood  and  noble  personality  depends  largely  on  the 
conditions  of  the  home  and  outside  influences  in  childhood  and  boyhood. 
I  believe,  therefore,  that  with  a  strong  conviction  of  our  responsibility 


APPENDIX.  209 

for- 1  lie  tut  lire  lil'e  of  our  second  generation,  wo  must  take  it  as  our  solemn 
duly  to  ^ivc  our  youiif^er  f^enoration  better  conditions  at  home  and 
more  ravor'al)le  surroundings.  It  is,  undoubtedly,  a  hard  and  compli- 
cated problem  to  till  these  conditions,  how  to  improve  our  home  life  and 
how  and  what  to  do  to  change  the  social  conditions.  If  1  am  allowed 
to  speak  frankly,  I  say  that  we  must  get  down  to  the  bottom  of  the 
problem  and  make  a  complete?  change  in  the  system  of  our  life.  This  is 
the  fundamental  and  essential  point  of  the  problem  presented  to  us. 
\iy  changing  the  system  I  moan  that  some  of  those  who  are  in  the  cities 
01-  in  tile  country  already  improved,  should  go  into  the  untouched  lands, 
where  thoy  can  build  up  their  homes  and  create  new  society.  The 
Japanese  pioneers  of  Livingston  followed  this  system  when  they  estab- 
lished a  colony  in  this  place." 

A  brief  statement  may  here  be  made  concerning  the  anti-Japanese 
agitation  in  ('alifornia.  Before  taking  up  the  alleged  reasons  upon 
wliicli  the  agitation  is  based  we  may  be  allowed  to  quote  one  of  the  best 
general  statements  on  the  subject,  which  was  prepared  by  Professor 
P.  eT.  Treat  of  Stanford  T^niversity,  an  acknowledged  authority  on 
Oriental  history.     He  says : 

"It  was  in  1905  that  the  first  suspicion  of  friction  appeared.  And  in 
the  next  nine  years  a  series  of  incidents  occasioned  some  ill  feeling,  but 
it  must  be  remembered  that  the  friction  was  always  between  popular 
groups ;  the  official  relations  were  always  cordial. 

The  occasions  for  controversy  were  found  in  both  the  United  States 
and  in  the  far  East.  In  the  United  Statesi  it  arose  from  the  agitation 
for  the  exclusion  of  the  Japanese  immigrants.  This  movement  began 
in  California  about  1905.  It  had  small  basis  in  fact,  for  there  were 
relatively  few  Japanese  in  this  country,  but  if  their  number  continued 
to  increase  as  rapidly  as  it  had  since  1900  a  real  social  and  economic 
problem  would  be  soon  presented.  Instead  of  meeting  this  problem 
through  diplomatic  channels,  the  agitators,  remembering  the  Chinese 
exclusion  movement  of  an  earlier  generation,  commenced  direct  action. 
This  took  the  form  of  the  so-called  'schoolboy  incident'  in  San  Francisco. 
Using  the  excuse  that  school  facilities  were  lacking  after  the  great  fire 
in  1906,  the  school  board  ordered  all  Oriental  students  to  attend  a 
designated  school.  The  Japanese,  recognizing  the  motive  which 
prompted  this  action,  justly  resented  it.  And  it  was  the  more  ungracious 
because  at  the  time  of  the  earthquake  and  fire  the  Japanese  Red  Cross 
had  contributed  to  the  relief  of  San  Francisco  more  money  than  all  other 
foreign  countries  combined.  They  had  eagerly  seized  this  opportunity 
of  showing  their  appreciation  of  all  that  the  United  States  had  done  for 
Japan  in  the  past.  The  action  of  a  local  school  board  soon  became  a 
national  and  an  international  question.  With  the  legal  aspects  we  are 
not  concerned  here.  The  matter  was  settled,  between  the  federal  gov- 
ernment and  San  Francisco,  by  a  compromise.  The  Japanese  students 
were  admitted  to  all  the  schools  as  of  old,  and  President  Roosevelt 
promised  to  take  up  the  question  of  immigration  with  Japan. 

When  the  matter  was  presented  in  proper  form,  the  Japanese  at  once 
met  our  requests.  Practically  all  thoughtful  Japanese  realize^d  the 
dangers  involved  in  a  mass  immigration  of  people  from  a  land  with  low 
standards  of  living  to  one  where  they  were  high.     The  understanding 

14 — 4460 


210  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

took  the  form  of  the  'Gentlemen's  Agreement,'  under  which  Japan 
promised  not  to  give  passports  to  laborers  desiring  to  emigrate  to  the 
United  States,  and  our  Grovernment  in  turn  agreed  not  to  subject  the 
Japanese  to  the  humiliation  of  an  exclusion  act.  Since  this  agreement 
went  into  effect  in  1907,  it  has  met  every  need.  No  one  has  found 
ground  for  questioning  the  scrupulous  good  faith  of  the  Japanese  foreign 
ofiBce  in  the  issue  of  passports.  In  fact  the  admission  of  Japanese,  under 
the  passport  system,  has  worked  out  with  fewer  abuses  than  the  admis- 
sion of  Chinese  under  the  exclusion  laws  which  we  administer  ourselves. 

Unfortunately  this  good  understanding  did  not  quiet  the  agitation  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  In  the  California  Legislature  in  1909,  1911  and  1913 
a  number  of  measures  were  proposed  which  would  have  caused  dis- 
crimination against  the  Japanese  residents  of  the  state.  These  were 
reported  to  the  Japanese  press,  and  even  though  not  passed  they  kept 
alive  the  resentment.  Japanese  who  accepted  our  views  regarding 
immigration  did  not  hesitate  to  assert  that  such  Japanese  as  were 
admitted  to  our  country  should  enjoy  rights  and  privileges  equal  to 
those  of  any  alien.  A  crisis  was  reached  when,  in  1913,  a  bill  was  pro- 
posed at  Sacramento  which  would  deny  to  Japanese  the  right  to  acquire 
land  or  to  lease  it  for  more  than  three  years.  The  purpose  of  this  bill 
was  to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  agricultural  land  by  the  industrious 
and  thrifty  Japanese  farmers.  But  the  danger  was  largely  imaginary 
because,  due  to  the  'Gentlemen's  Agreement,'  very  few  Japanese  could 
enter  the  country',  and  in  1913  less  than  13,000  acres  were  actually 
owned  by  them.  In  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  national  administration, 
the  bill  was  passed  in  a  modified  form,  which  made  it  apply  only  to  'aliens 
ineligible  to  citizenship.'  This  class  included,  specifically,  the  Chinese, 
and,  by  interpretation,  all  aliens  who  were  not  'free  white  persons'  or 
persons  of  African  nativity  or  descent.  The  act,  moreover,  especially 
asserted  that  it  respected  all  treaty  obligations.  Thus  the  responsibility 
was  thrown  back  upon  the  federal  government,  whose  naturalization 
laws  apparently  debarred  Japanese  from  citizenship.  At  the  time 
Professor  H.  A.  Millis,  a  well  known  economist  who  had  made  the  most 
careful  study  of  the  Japanese  in  the  Western  States,  did  not  hesitate 
to  assert  that  the  law  was  'unjust,  impolitic  and  unnecessary  legislation.' 
Against  this  land  law  the  Japanese  government  protested,  and  our 
administration  defended  the  legality  of  the  act.  But  as  an  effort  was 
made  on  both  sides  to  avoid  trouble,  the  issue  was  never  joined,  and 
the  exchange  of  notes  never  completed.  But  the  so-called  'Alien  Land 
Law'  did  more  to  disturb  friendly  relations  than  the  immigration  con- 
troversy seven  years  before.  Happily,  there  has  been  no  renewal  of 
the  anti-Japanese  agitation  in  California.  In  1915  Japan  made  a 
notable  exhibit  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  which  was  properly 
appreciated,  and  since  that  time  a  better  understanding  has  been  estab- 
lished between  the  labor  organizations  of  California  and  Japan." 

The  immigration  from  Japan  by  years  since  1908  has  been  as  follows : 

1908 15,803  1914 ^ 8,929 

1900 3.111  1915 8,613 

1910 2,720  1910 8,680 

1911 4,520  1917 8,991 

1912__ 6.136  191S 10,213 

1913 8,281 


APPENDIX.  211 

Among  the  most  commonly  used  arguments  against  the  Japanese  are 
Ihe  charges  that  they  are  non-assimilable,  that  they  underbid  prices, 
that  their  standard  of  living  is  lower  and  that  their  power  to  work  is 
greater,  and  that  their  birth  rate  is  liigher.  They  say  "the  Caucasians 
and  Asiatic  races  are  una.ssimilable."  "The  leopard  can  not  change  its 
spots."  "The  Creator  made  the  two  races  different  and  different  they 
will  remain."  If  this  is  true,  it  can  not  be  answered.  Is  it  a  mis- 
fortune that  the  Creator  did  not  keep  them  apart?  But  America  came 
to  Japan  first.  At  any  rate,  they  assert  in  the  same  V>reath  that  "The 
Japanese  are  intensely  distinct  and  self-conscious  as  a  race  and  nation. 
Those  who  come  here  come  as  Japanese.  They  have  no  thought  of 
becoming  Americans."  But  this  is  not  true.  The  facts  previoasly 
given  prove  it.  The  racial  difference,  even  if  it  tends  to  discourage 
amalgamation,  by  no  means  prevents  assimilation.  The  history  of 
modern  Japan  is  a  clear  proof  that  the  Japanese  are  assimilable.  The 
Japanese  in  California  are  assimilated  to  a  degree  unrecognized  by  anti- 
Japanese  Americans.  The  native  born  Japanese  are  one  hundred  per 
cent  American,  wliile  foreign  born  Japanese  are  at  least  fifty  per  cent 
American  in  spite  of  the  many  obstacles  put  in  their  way.  Their 
spiritual  attitude  toward,  and  material  contributions  to,  the  various 
enterprises  of  the  late  war  eloquently  testify  to  this  effect. 

In  the  early  days  of  Japanese  immigrartion  it  is  true  that  the  Japa- 
nese did  underbid  to  a  certain  degree.  But  that  is  true  of  all  immi- 
grants until  they  have  become  familiar  with  American  industrial  life 
and  have  mastered  the  art  of  bargaining  advantageously.  Since  1907 
the  Japanese  have  been  enjoying  a  scarcity  value.  Today,  they  are 
earning  more  than  other  races  similarly  engaged.  On  farms  the  com- 
mon Japanese  laborer  is  getting  $4.50  a  day,  w^hile  others  are  paid  $4. 
This  argument,  if  true  in  the  past,  is  no  longer  a  fact. 

The  above  argument  is,  of  course,  based  on  another,  namely,  that  the 
Japanese  are  satisfied  witli  a  lower  standard  of  living.  They  say, 
speaking  of  the  Japanese:  "Accustomed  to  live  on  a  little  rice  and 
dried  fish,  to  sleep  on  a  board,  and  to  do  with  very  few  of  the  comforts 
of  life,  no  white  man  can  hope  to  hold  the  field  against  them."  This 
picture  of  the  Japanese  is  not  quite  true.  But  it  is  true  that  the  pre- 
vailing standard  of  living  among  the  Japanese  immigrants  was  low  in 
tlie  })ast.  Tliey  could  then  earn  on  the  farm  no  more  than  $1  or  $1.50 
a  day.  On  sucli  wages  they  could  not  indulge  in  the  standard  of  living 
enjoyed  by  American  workingmen.  This  fauh  is  nothing  innate  with 
tlie  Japanese.  They  were  compelled  to  live  clieaply  because  of  their 
limited  earning  capacity.  \\'ith  their  increased  earning  power  tlieir 
standards  rose.  Their  present  standards  of  living  are  not  inferior;  as 
a  matter  of  fact,  tliey  are  superior  to  those  which  prevail  among  other 
immigrant  races.  At  this  point  it  sliould  be  noted  that  as  yet  many 
Japanese  men  are  single,  as  the  sex  distribution  above  given  shows,  and 
these  are  mostly  without  their  own  homes.  Thus  they  spend  relatively 
a  small  portion  of  their  earnings  on  actual  living.     The  rest  is  spent  on 


212  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

things  largely  for  display,  good  clothes,  gold  watches,  diamond  rings, 
etc.  This  is  not  a  commendable  habit,  but  display  seems  to  be  an 
inevitable  accompaniment  of  their  nomadic  life.  "When  their  mode  of 
life  becomes  normalized  by  marriage  and  settlement,  these  things  of 
display  will  be  changed  to  things  of  living.  Then  their  expenses  of 
living  will  constitute  no  problem. 

The  Japanese  nation  is  characterized  by  industry  and  perseverance, 
so  naturally  the  Japanese  wlio  are  here  possess  the  power  of  endurance 
and  the  habit  of  industry.  But  it  appears  rather  strange  that  Ameri- 
cans should  complain  of  these  facts,  for  they  themselves  take  pride  in 
these  very  characteristics.  Those  Japanese  who  are  even  slightly 
acquainted  with  American  history  can  not  but  be  impressed  by  the 
degree  of  these  qualities  with  which  Americans  have  converted  the  once 
wild  west  into  a  fertile  land.  The  Japanese,  as  they  have  been  condi- 
tioned upon  arrival  in  this  country,  have  found  that  the  best  a.sset  they 
possessed  consisted  in  those  characteristics  that  helped  them  to  get  on 
an  independent  footing.  So  they  worked  and  worked  hard,  and  as  it 
is  charged,  perhaps  overworked  as  some  of  them  still  do.  American 
farmers  who  complain  that  their  Japanese  neighbors  work  longer  hours 
must  realize  that  the  latter  are  handicapped  in  many  other  respects  to 
make  them  successful.  The  most  noteworthy  of  these  is  their  ignorance 
of  the  American  methods  of  disposing  of  their  produce.  The  Japanese 
farmers  greatly  lack  the  commercial  ability  possessed  by  the  Americans. 
Consequently  they  think  that  they  must  produce  more  than  their  Ameri- 
can neighbors.  Even  if  this  position  is  a  mistake,  they  have  at  least 
thought  so.  But  why  do  they  struggle  so  hard?  The  majority  of  these 
Japanese  farmers  lacked  educational  opportunities  at  home.  Recog- 
nizing this,  it  impels  them  to  work  very  hard  so  that  they  can  give 
their  children  a  chance  to  get  education.  It  is  a  well  known  fact  that 
the  Japanese  will  do  anything  to  get  an  education  or  to  enable  their 
children  to  obtain  it.  So  far  as  we  know,  the  Japanese  farmers  work 
hard  not  so  much  for  their  own  enjoyment  of  life,  but  because  they 
think  of  the  future  Avelfare  of  their  children  first.  Of  course,  this  is  not 
altogetlier  wise,  and  we  are  trying  to  point  out  to  them  that  they,  too, 
must  develop.  We  are  advising  them  as  best  we  know  how,  not  to  work 
so  hard  as  to  cause  their  neighbors  to  critici.se  them,  and  to  create  some 
leisure  for  self-development.  At  the  same  time,  it  appears  even  to  us 
rather  strange  that  the  Americans  should  complain  of  Japanese  indus- 
try. But  if  Americans  insist  that  Japanese  should  work  no  more  than 
so  many  hours,  that  can  be  easily  accomplislied.  Admit  them  into  the 
unions  and  make  them  obey  the  union  rules.  This  simple  method  Avill 
do  away  witli  the  problem  except  perhaps  for  those  engaged  in  agri- 
culture. Farmers,  too,  in  time,  might  he  lia))itnated  to  shorter  hours  of 
labor. 

Of  late,  much  eloquence  has  been  spent  in  condemning  the  Japanese 
birth  rate.  It  is  alleged  that  the  Japanese  power  of  fecundity  is  notori- 
ously high,  furnishing  ground  for  the  fear  that  the  Japanese  will  become 


APPENDIX.  213 

tlie  dominating  race  in  California.  The  white  races  will  be  driven  from 
the  land.  Hence  the  terrible  "yellow  peril"!  But  in  reality,  we  are 
not  even  certan  that  the  birth  rate  among  the  Japanese  is  very  high. 
We  have  no  statistics  to  prove  it.  No  one,  so  far  as  we  know,  has  studied 
this  subject  scientifically.  No  one  has  given  us  statistics  showing  even 
elementary  facts  such  as  sex  distribution,  marital  condition,  age  com- 
position, etc.,  of  the  Japanese  population.  Yet  without  these  facts  we 
can  not  make  a  comparative  study  of  the  birth  rate  between  any  two 
races.  But  let  it  be  granted,  for  the  sake  of  expediency,  that  the 
Japanese  birth  rate  in  California  is  higher  than,  say,  the  American 
birth  rate.  Even  if  this  is  true,  it  can  not  be  established  as  a  racial 
trait  of  the  Japanese.  It  is  probably  due  to  their  inferior  social,  eco- 
nomic and  intellectual  status.  The  ignorant  always  suffer  from  high 
birth  rate,  which  are  always  accompanied  by  high  death  rates.  But  as 
they  advance,  their  power  of  fecundity  falls.  This  is  an  established 
fact.  The  birth  rate  among  "old"  immigrant  races  is  fast  falling.  As 
tiie  Japanese  emerge  from  their  present  status,  their  birth  rate,  too,  will 
surely  fall.  Thus  the  allegation  that  the  Japanese  will  dominate  Cali- 
fornia and  will  drive  the  white  races  from  the  land  is  a  reality  that 
exists  only  in  the  mind  of  agitators. 

Finally  we  beg  to  state  a  few  facts  concerning  the  more  important  of 
our  positive  efforts  to  uplift  the  Japanese  residents.  These  may  be 
classified  under  four  headings :  An  organized  movement  for  American- 
ization, the  protection  of  Japanese  immigrants,  religious  work,  and 
schools  for  immigrants  and  their  children. 

The  origin  of  our  more  or  less  organized  movement  for  Americaniza- 
tion can  be  traced  back  to  1900.  We  first  directed  our  effort  to  what 
we  called  social  education  and  economic  development.  We  tried  to 
impart  to  our  fellow  countrymen  elementary  facts  of  American  civiliza- 
tion so  that  they  could  better  fit  themselves  for  American  life.  We 
tried  to  teach  them  that  assimilation  was  the  first  step  for  their  success. 
Then  we  tried  to  convince  them  that  by  contributing  to  the  national 
interests  of  America  they  could  attain  their  own  economic  development. 

In  1918,  when  the  American  government  laid  down  the  general  plan 
of  the  "Americanization  campaign,"  we  made  it  the  foundation  of  our 
work.  In  fact,  we  joined  the  movement.  The  Japanese  associations 
of  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  and  Seattle  assumed  the 
responsibility  of  directing  the  campaign  in  the  coast  states,  Nevada, 
TJtah  and  Colorado. 

The  San  Francisco  Association  employs  a  man  educated  in  America 
to  canvass  the  northern  half  of  the  state.  His  function  was  to  organize, 
in  conjunction  with  the  local  associations,  work  for  the  campaign. 
Meetings  were  held  at  which  men  and  women  familiar  Avith  America 
addressed  the  Japanese.  These  addresses  are  for  the  purpose  of 
acquainting  the  local  Japanese  with  America.  The  topics  discussed 
are  such  as  American  history,  spirit,  politics,  economics,  industry, 
religion,   education,   society,   customs   and   manners,   hygiene,   care   of 


214  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

children,  cooking,  housekeeping,  etc.  Besides  lectures,  pamphlets  on 
these  subjects  have  been  prepared,  and  these  are  freely  distributed.  We 
have  asked  the  Japanese  schools,  churches.  Y.  ]\I.  C.  A.,  Y.  W.  C.  A., 
clubs  and  other  associations,  newspapers  and  magazines  to  help  us  in 
our  campaign,  and  they  are  enthusiastically  responding.  The  Japanese 
Agricultural  Association  is  also  doing  most  effective  work.  We  are  also 
making  a  special  effort  to  facilitate  learning  of  the  English  language. 
We  are  helping  to  organize  classes  for  women  and  children  newly  arrived 
and  securing  proper  teachers  for  them.  We  are  also  helping  them  to 
select  textbooks  so  that  they  can  learn  the  language,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  become  familiar  with  America.  Such  is  the  nature  and  scope  of 
our  Americanization  campaign. 

To  protect  new  arrivals,  mostly  women  and  children,  we  are  cooperat- 
ing with  every  institution  connected  with  immigration  at  the  time  of 
their  arrival,  and  after  their  landing  in  America.  We  distribute  at 
ports  of  departure  pamphlets  on  what  they  should  know  on  the  voyage 
and  in  America.  We  send  one  of  our  secretaries  to  the  immigration 
station  every  time  a  ship  arrives  to  facilitate  the  needs  of  newcomers. 
We  do  what  we  can  for  the  unfortunate  immigrants,  acting  as  go-between 
such  and  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Immigration.  We  make  special  efforts 
to  protect  wives  whose  husbands  for  various  reasons  fail  to  meet  them 
at  the  station.  We  do  our  best  to  see  that  Japanese  immigrants  are 
accorded  proper  treatment  from  immigration  ofificials.  Our  relations 
with  these  officials  have  been  very  cordial,  and  we  are  grateful. 

The  earlier  Japanese  immigrants  were  mostly  students  and  for  many 
years  students  formed  the  bulk  of  Japanese  immigrants.  They  began 
to  come  to  America  about  forty  years  ago.  The  Christian  missionaries 
saw  a  chance  to  do  proselyting  work  among  the  young  Japanese.  First 
they  taught  them  English  and  helped  them  to  secure  .jobs.  As  the 
number  of  Japanese  increased  missions  were  established.  These  con- 
ducted religious  meetings  and  schools  and  provided  rooming  facilities. 
The  various  denominations  together  now  maintain  fifty-nine  missions 
in  America  and  Canada.  These  are  doubtless  helping  the  Japanese 
in  many  ways.  But  Professor  Millis  says:  "These  missions  are  for 
Japanese  alone,  and  a  recognition  of  a  difference  between  them  and 
other  races  and  a  condition  which  lessens  their  value  as  an  assimilative 
force."  This  inductment  is,  we  are  inclined  to  think,  worthy  of  serious 
consideration  by  all  who  are  interested  in  religious  instruction  as  well 
as  in  the  real  Christianization  of  the  Japanese.  A  stigma  is  attached 
to  "mission"  Christianity  in  the  mind  of  many  Japanese  Christians, 
and  they  prefer  to  attend  American  churches  and  they  do.  The  mission 
work,  if  properly  instituted,  will  no  doubt  have  a  far-reaching  influ- 
ence in  Americanizing  Japanese  immigrants. 

Aside  from  the  schools  for  instructing  Japanese  in  English,  there  are 
seventy-five  so-called  "supplementary"  schools  for  teaching  children 


APPENDIX.  215 

the  Japanese  language.  These  are  attended  by  the  Japanese  pupils 
nfter  the  public  schools  close  for  the  day.  They  are  primarily  for  the 
study  of  the  Japanese  language  and  are  not  intended  to  perpetuate 
the  traditions  and  moral  concepts  of  Japan.  Of  course,  these  are  criti- 
cized by  hostile  Americans.  But  says  Professor  Millis,  "They  are 
supplementary  schools,  and  at  the  worst,  there  is  much  less  in  them  to 
be  adversely  criticized  than  in  the  parochial  schools  attended  by  so 
many  children  of  the  South  and  European  immigrants.  No  real  prob- 
lem is  yet  evident  connected  with  Japanese  children  on  American  soil." 
These  are  some  of  the  more  obvious  facts  concerning  the  status  of 
Japanese  residents  in  California. 

In  conclusion,  Mr.  President,  the  undersigned,  in  their  unofficial 
capacity  as  representatives  of  their  countrymen,  have  thought  this  a 
fitting  opportunity  for  directing  your  attention  to  the  status  of  our 
people  on  this  coast.  We  approach  you  in  no  spirit  of  complaint.  If 
we  have  grievances  we  recognize  that  such  grievances  are  inseparable 
from  the  conditions  which  now  exist  and  that  they  must  be  borne  with 
patience.  It  is  our  firm  belief,  however,  that  fuller  knowledge  and 
better  understanding  on  the  part  of  the  American  people  of  our  aims 
and  aspirations  as  residents  of  the  great  State  of  California  will  tend 
to  disabvise  some  prejudices  and  make  our  condition  happier.  "We 
would  convince  the  people  of  California  that  our  presence  and  our 
activities  are  not  a  menace  to  the  commonwealth,  but  that  its  dearest 
interests  are  our  own.  We  are  happy  to  be  able  to  count  with  confi- 
dence upon  your  love  of  justice  and  we  ask  your  powerful  help  in  so 
shaping  public  thought  and  opinion  that  every  obstacle  to  harmony  may 
be  removed.  It  is  the  earnest  desire  of  the  Japanese  people  in  this  state 
to  dwell  in  peace  and  good  will  with  their  American  neighbors,  and 
they  desire  to  so  direct  their  energies  that  the  best  interests  of  the  state 
ciud  communities  in  which  they  live  may  be  subserved. 

If  it  is  our  good  fortune  to  impress  you  with  the  sincerity  of  these, 
our  purposes  and  aims,  we  shall  feel  that  your  visit  to  the  West  has 
been  most  fortunate  and  we  shall  remain  gratified  and  grateful. 

We  have  the  honor  to  remain,  Sir, 

Most  respectfully  yours, 

THE  JAPANESE  ASSOCIATION  OF  AMERICA. 


216  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 


TRUTH  OF  THE  JAPANESE  FARMING  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

By  ToYOJi  Chiba,  Managing  Director  of  the  Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of 

California. 

INTRODUCTION. 

At  the  close  of  an  unprecedented  war,  in  whieh  nearly  10.000,000 
lives  and  $300,000,000,000  in  treasure  have  been  sacrificed,  the  people 
of  every  nation  must  concern  themselves  deeply  in  order  that  such  a 
great  calamity  shall  not  occur  again.  The  putting  forth  of  our  best 
efforts  in  uprooting  all  international  complications  is  the  duty  of 
mankind,  the  responsibility  of  every  people. 

From  this  point  of  view  the  League  of  Nations  has  been  proposed 
and  the  conception  has  been  reached  that  the  competitive  civilization 
of  the  nineteenth  century  must  be  swept  away  and  in  its  place  the 
golden  age  of  cooperation  must  be  realized.  We  have  the  profoundcst 
sympathy  and  respect  for  the  contentions  and  standpoints  of  those 
who  are  putting  forth  their  very  best  efforts  for  the  realization  of 
this  ideal.  President  Wilson,  the  humanitarians  of  the  Orient  and  the 
Occident,  the  world  democrats  and  international  pacifists. 

We  believe  that  the  historical  friendship  between  Japan  and  America 
must  be  maintained  in  the  future  as  in  the  past;  that  the  waves  of 
the  Pacific  must  be  made  even  more  peaceful  than  before  and  during 
the  great  war;  and  that  by  conducting  our  international  relations 
in  such  a  way  that  trade  and  navigation  shall  become  more  and  more 
flourishing  the  prosperity  of  both  nations  and  the  happiness  of  both 
peoples  will  be  promoted  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  peace  of  the  world 
and  the  progress  of  civilization  will  be  advanced. 

But  in  order  to  maintain  and  increase  this  friendliness  in  the  inter- 
national relations  of  Japan  and  America,  first  of  all  there  must  be 
mutual  understanding  and  harmony.  At  the  present  time,  however, 
there  are  a  number  of  difficult  questions,  both  international  and 
domestic,  which  mar  the  mutual  understanding  and  harmony  of  the  two 
nations,  estrange  the  feelings  of  the  two  peoples,  impede  their  friendly 
intercourse  and  tend  to  bring  disaster  to  the  welfare  of  both  peoples. 
This  is  truly  deplorable.  Therefore  we  believe  that  it  is  the  most 
urgent  duty  of  every  true  citizen  who  desires  justice  and  humanity 
and  perpetual  peace  between  Japan  and  America  to  think  deeply  on 
this  point  and  devise  plans  to  ward  off  the  calamity  in  advance. 

Just  now  among  the  difficult  ciuestions  between  Japan  and  America 
are  the  race  question,  diplomatic  questions,  financial  questions,  politi- 
cal questions,  and  social  questions.  The  situation  is  very  complicated, 
but  we  believe  that  if  instigation,  estrangement,  misunderstanding, 
prejudice  and  discriminatory  ideas  were  removed,  these  questions  for 
the  most  part  would  disappear. 

We  also  believe  that  the  anti-Japanese  question  which  is  now  being 
vehemently  discussed  among  certain  statesmen  and  others  is  being 
confused  by  lack  of  proper  understanding  of  the  facts  about  the  Japa- 
nese, and  by  prejudiced  instigation  by  certain  gentlemen,  and  by  that 


APPENDIX.  217 

relic,  of  a  past  age,  the  idea  of  disr-riminatory  competition.  P^r 
example,  tlio  usual  arguments  of  those  who  oppose  the  Japanese  are: 
(1)  The  Japanese  are  unassimilahle  and  should  be  expelled  in  the 
future  interests  of  the  whites  and  for  the  preservation  of  western 
civilization;  (2)  Japanese  laborers  are  to  be  f(;ared  because  they  will 
destroy  the  white  man's  standards  of  living  and  wages  and  therefore 
should  be  expelled;  (3)  the  Japanese  are  evading  the  f'alifornia  land 
law.  buying  land,  encroaching  on  the  sphere  of  the  whites,  and  will 
ultimately  invade  the  whole  of  C'alifornia,  therefore  they  should  be 
expelled;  (4)  Japanese  by  photograph  marriage  are  importing  large 
num])ers  of  women  who  breed  like  rabbits.  Consequently  California 
would  in  future  bo  controlled  by  Japanese,  therefore  measures  must 
be  taken  immediately  to  eradicate  them. 

Such  arguments  are  all  based  on  misunderstanding,  prejudice  and 
discriminatory  ideas.  Whatever  may  be  the  motive  and  whoever  may 
advocate  .sucli  opinions,  they  are  not  worthy  of  our  respect,  and  it 
is  difficult  to  believe  that  impartial  Americans  will  share  such  opinions. 

But  in  every  nation  or  society  there  are  people  whose  business  is 
misunderstanding,  crooked  argument  and  instigation.  The  important 
thing  is  to  inform  the  majority  of  the  people  of  the  exact  facts  and 
secure  their  impartial  judgment.  If  this  can  be  done,  all  will  be 
well.  We  do  not  think  it  absolutely  necessary  to  refute  the  arguments 
of  the  anti-Japanese  party,  nor  do  we  recognize  any  absolute  necessity 
for  defending  the  standpoint  of  the  Japanese,  but  inasmuch  as  the 
question  affects  the  diplomatic  relations  of  the  two  nations  and  may 
possibly  affect  the  peace  of  the  world,  we  believe  that  in  the  interests 
of  international  peace,  the  best  thing  to  do  at  this  time  is  to  observe 
and  examine  the  facts  impartially  without  concealment  and  submit 
them  to  the  people  of  both  nations  for  their  candid  judgment.  And 
as  for  the  California  anti-Japanese  question,  we  are  convinced  that 
instead  of  making  it  a  diplomatic  question  between  the  two  govern- 
ments, the  opening  up  of  a  way  to  solve  the  question  by  mutual 
understanding  and  harmony  among  the  individuals  residing  within 
the  .«'ame  state  is  not  only  the  most  appropriate  method,  but  that  the 
reaching  of  just  conclusions  on  the  basis  of  an  examination  of  the 
facts  and  just  judgment  of  the  facts,  instead  of  debates  between  the 
so-called  anti-Japanese  and  pro-Japanese  parties,  the  object  in  view 
being  the  welfare  of  California,  placing  the  emphasis  upon  world- 
wide international  sympathy  and  upon  individual  character  which 
transcends  differences  of  race  and  nationality,  in  the  spirit  of  true 
democracy,  is  the  method  which  is  most  just  and  proper. 

HOW   JAPANESE    FARMERS   SETTLED   IN    STATE. 

In  the  investigation  of  the  facts  concerning  the  Japanese  in  Cali- 
fornia, it  is  necessary  in  the  first  place  to  consider  the  history  of  their 
coming.  Fifty  years  have  elapsed  since  Japanese  first  came  to  Cali- 
fornia. But  the  motive  of  their  coming  was  not  altogether  the  result 
of  overpopulation  or  merely  because  they  were  impelled  by  conditions 
in  the  homeland.  The  excellent  climate,  broad  lands  and  wealth  of 
capital  in  California  unquestionably  were  strong  motives  enticing  the 


218  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

Japanese  to  California,  but  besides  this,  conditions  in  California  at 
that  time  were  such  that  the  financial  opportunities  which  inevitably 
awaited  immigrants  skilled  in  farming  like  the  Japanese  must  not  be 
overlooked.  As  the  result  of  the  enforcement  of  the  Chinese  exclu- 
sion law  of  1884,  California  farms  experienced  a  shortage  of  laborers 
year  after  year.  But  just  at  that  time  grain  farming  and  stock  raising 
in  California  were  giving  place  to  fruit  and  vegetable  farming,  and 
most  California  farmers  were  realizing  greater  profits  from  fruit 
farming  than  from  grain  and  stock  raising  and  were  turning  their 
attention  exclusively  to  that  industry,  which  required  a  large  number 
of  laborers  in  harvesting.  Without  due  attention  to  this  fact  they 
recklessly  planted  fruit  trees.  And  besides,  as  a  result  of  the  sudden 
springing  up  of  irrigation  projects,  the  growing  of  sugar  beets,  beans, 
potatoes  and  other  vegetables  gradually  became  flourishing  and  the 
farmers  encountered  great  difficulty  in  obtaining  suitable  laborers  for 
harvesting  their  ripened  products. 

But  the  Japanese,  who  were  expert  farmers  through  years  of  train- 
ing in  their  own  country,  active  and  nimble  in  body,  possessed  special 
characteristics  as  workers  which  rendered  them  exceedingly  desirable 
to  the  landlords  who  experienced  great  difficulty  in  securing  suitable 
farm  workers  from  among  European  immigrants.  Japanese  were 
regarded  as  ver\'  valuable  immigrants  and  efforts  were  made  to  entice 
them  to  come. 

In  the  summer  of  1888  about  sixty  Japanese  were  invited  to  Vaca- 
ville  to  gather  fruit.  The  result  was  highly  satisfactory  and  after 
that  there  was  a  great  demand  for  them  in  the  hop  fields  of  the 
Sacramento  Valley,  in  the  production  of  sugar  beets  in  the  Salinas 
Valley,  and  the  grape  harvest  in  central  California.  Gradually,  Japa- 
nese were  induced  to  come  from  Hawaii  and  the  main  land  of  Japan. 
It  must  not  be  overlooked  that  the  motives  of  their  immigration  were 
the  development  of  California,  the  labor  famine  which  accompanied 
the  sudden  expansion  of  agriculture  and  the  urgency  of  financial 
necessity  due  to  the  shortage  of  farm  laborers. 

Among  the  opponents  of  the  Japanese  in  California  are  some,  who, 
seeing  that  the  Japanese  are  making  special  developments  in  agri- 
culture, are  spreading  the  report  that  the  Japanese  are  encroaching 
on  lands  of  the  whites  and  driving  them  out.  But  the  fact  is  that 
the  majority  of  laborers  who  have  migrated  from  Europe  are  not 
only  unsuitable  for  farm  labor  but  they  prefer  work  in  the  city  rather 
than  in  the  burning  heat  and  the  rain  of  the  farm.  Compared  with 
the  severe  labor  of  the  farm,  city  labor  is  easy.  Wages  also  are  much 
greater  and  life  far  more  agreeable  in  every  way.  Labor  in  the  city 
is  so  much  more  agreeable  than  farm  labor  that  the  large  majority  of 
European  immigrants,  even  when  they  settle  for  a  time  on  the  land, 
as  soon  as  they  get  a  little  capital  and  financial  leeway,  they  tend  to 
move  to  places  where  there  are  plenty  of  theatres,  saloons  and  other 
places  of  amusement.  No  matter  how  much  artificial  encouragement 
is  given  them  to  remain  on  the  farm  there  is  no  tendency  to  do  so. 
Whether  the  Japanese  come  and  settle  or  not,  if  it  is  left  entirely  to 
European  immigrants,  the  rich  farm  lands  of  California  probably  will 
return  to  the  wilds. 


APPENDIX.  219 

TENDENCY  OF  AMERICAN    POPULATION   TO  CONCENTRATE   IN   CITIES 
CONSIDERED   IN    RELATION   TO  JAPANESE   SETTLERS. 

The  tendency  of  population  in  America  to  concentrate  in  cities  has 
become  increasingly  manifest  in  the  twentieth  century  and  the  resulting 
disparity  in  the  proportion  of  population  in  city  and  country  has  given 
rise  to  many  complicated  social  and  economic  problems  of  grave  im- 
portance to  America.  According  to  the  census  of  1910,  the  population 
of  America  was  91,972,266.  Compared  with  the  population  in  1900, 
75,994,575,  there  was  an  increase  of  15,977,691,  i.e.,  20  per  cent.  In 
1900  the  urban  population  numbered  31,109,645,  and  in  1910,  42,623,383, 
an  increase  of  11,011,738,  or  34.8  per  cent  in  ten  years.  The  rural 
population  in  1900  was  44,384,930,  increasing  in  1910  to  49,348,883,  an 
increase  of  4,963,153,  or  only  11.2  per  cent.  In  other  words,  in  1900, 
40.5  per  cent  of  the  people  were  in  cities  and  59.5  per  cent  in  the  country, 
while  in  1910  46.3  per  cent  were  in  cities  and  53.7  per  cent  in  the  country. 

Particularly  in  the  flourisliing  Eastern  and  Middle  Statas  an  extraor- 
dinary increase  in  urban  population  was  shown,  and  inversely,  there 
was  a  marked  yearly  diminution  of  rural  population  in  not  a  few  states. 
In  Iowa,  for  instance,  in  the  ten  years  from  1900  to  1910,  the  urban 
population  increased  19.9  per  cent,  while  the  rural  population  decreased 
7.2  per  cent.  In  Indiana  the  urban  population  increased  30.5  per  cent 
and  the  rural  population  lost  5.1  per  cent.  In  Missouri,  the  urban 
population  increased  22.3  per  cent  and  the  rural  population  lost  2.5 
per  cent.  In  Ohio  there  was  an  increase  of  urban  population  of  31.5 
per  cent  and  a  decrease  in  rural  population  of  1.3  per  cent.  California, 
being  a  newly  opened  country  with  a  sparse  population  of  only  15.3 
persons  to  the  square  mile,  and  an  agricultural  state,  the  rural  population 
has  not  shown  such  an  extreme  decrease  as  has  occurred  in  the  Middle 
and  Eastern  States  but  the  tendency  to  disparity  of  population  between 
city  and  country  is  much  more  extreme  than  in  other  states. 

In  1900  the  urban  population  w'as  810,193  and  the  rural  population 
674,860,  the  proportion  being  52.4  per  cent  in  cities  and  47.6  per  cent  in 
the  country,  but  in  1910  the  urban  population  numbered  1,469,739  and 
the  rural  population  901,810,  i.e.,  61.8  per  cent  urban  and  only  38.2  per 
cent  rural.  California  has  taken  first  place  in  the  United  States  in  the 
matter  of  disparity  of  urban  and  rural  population. 

The  causes  of  this  concentration  in  cities  are  many  and  complicated, 
but  the  principal  causes,  it  is  needless  to  say,  are : 

1.  The  United  States  has  shifted  its  center  from  agriculture  to  manu- 
factures, resulting  in  greater  opportunity  for  labor  in  the  city  than  in 
the  country. 

2.  Consequently  wages  are  generally  higher  in  the  city  than  in  the 
countn^  and  opportunities  for  gain  in  city  occupations  and  the  rate  of 
profit  have  come  to  be  greater  than  in  agriculture. 

3.  City  labor  is  less  strenuous  than  farm  labor,  city  occupations  are 
less  hazardous  and  difficult  than  farming,  and  even  if  one  fails  he  soon 
recovers. 

4.  The  difference  in  culture  between  city  and  country  is  extreme. 
Particularly  in  such  a  country  as  America,  with  its  system  of  widely 

separated  villages,  country  life  has  very  few  opportunities  to  enjoy  the 


220  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

advantages  of  civilization,  as  compared  with  city  life.  It  is  for  the 
most  part,  dreary,  comfortless  and  joyless. 

These  are  the  principal  causes  of  the  drift  from  country  to  city. 
Another  very  important  cause  contributing  to  the  promotion  of  this 
condition  in  American  cities  is  that  the  majority  of  European  immigrants 
do  not  settle  on  farms  but  flock  to  the  city.  The  floods  of  immigrants 
from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  are  congregating  in  New  York  and 
other  cities  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  and  making  extraordinary  develop- 
ment in  concentrated  alien  communities. 

This  strong  tendency  from  country  to  city  life  and  the  tendency  of 
immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  ta  congregate  in  cities 
are  now  giving  rise  to  social  and  financial  problems  full  of  gravity  and 
danger  to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  i.e. : 

1.  The  cost  of  production  of  food  and  other  raw  materials  is  increas- 
ing year  by  year  leading  to  an  enormous  increase  in  the  cost  of  living. 

2.  This  increase  in  the  cost  of  living  in  a  society  largely  concentrated 
in  cities  is  giving  rise  to  crimes  of  the  poor,  depraved  youth,  unsanitary 
conditions,  suicide,  insanity,  prostitution  and  other  unclean  and  evil 
social  conditions. 

3.  It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  anarchy,  dangerous  ideas  like  Bol- 
shevism, dissipation,  idleness,  vagrancy,  Black  Hand  gangs,  murders, 
burglary,  and  other  villainies  are  largely  brewed  in  the  mixed  com- 
munities of  ignorant  European  immigrants  who  herd  in  the  cities. 

Such  being  the  tendency  of  undesirable  elements  to  congregate  in 
American  cities,  the  contribution  to  the  social  phenomena  of  America 
by  the  Japanese  in  California,  who,  though  only  50,000  or  60,000  in 
number,  58  per  cent  of  whom  are  settled  in  agricultural  production  in 
the  country,  not  minding  the  hardship  and  toil,  opening  up  new  land, 
industriously  laboring  as  expert  producers  in  areas  avoided  by  European 
immigrants,  is  not  without  significance. 

FACTS  OF  JAPANESE  FARMERS  AND  FARM  LABORERS. 

The  anti-Japanese  party  say  that  the  Japanese  are  competing  strongly 
with  Americans  and  European  immigrants  in  the  agricultural  areas  of 
California,  but  this  is  contrary  to  the  facts.  The  principle  of  com- 
petition does  not,  in  the  nature  of  the  case,  exist  in  agriculture.  Com- 
mercial and  manufacturing  industries  have  in  a  large  part  been  devel- 
oped by  competition.  But  agriculture  is  developed  by  cooperation,  and 
we  believe  that  in  the  future  also  the  fact  that  cooperation  is  a  funda- 
mental principle  of  agricultural  development  will  be  unchanged.  It 
differs  from  mercantile  and  manufacturing  industries,  where  plans  and 
processes  are  worked  out  in  secret,  in  the  factory  or  at  the  table.  In 
agriculture,  which  is  carried  out  in  the  public  view  under  the  open  sky, 
there  is  absolutely  no  room  for  secrets.  Nature  with  her  sunshine,  wind, 
rain,  heat  and  cold  metes  out  no  discriminatory  treatment,  it  is  needless 
to  say.  Any  one  can  immediately  learn  and  imitate  the  superior  methods 
of  another  farmer.  If  only  he  has  correct  ideas  and  operates  properly, 
he  should  by  no  means  be  defeated  by  competition.  All  the  more,  in 
the  case  of  American  farming  which  is  said  to  be  seven-tenths  com- 
mercial skill  and  onlv  three-tenths  skill  in  cultivation,  the  idea  that  the 


APPENDIX.  221 

Japanese  fanner,  who  is  handicapped  in  language  and  business  habits, 
can  compete  with  the  American  farmer  with  his  powerful  commercial 
maciiiiicry  and  years  of  traininj^  in  business  cleverness,  is,  we  think,  a 
I'ancirul  upinion  wiiich  utterly  ignores  the  facts.  Anti-Japanese 
(h'hatcrs  are  still  reiterating  the  assertion  that  Japancjse  are  content 
with  low  wages  and  a  low  standard  of  living  and,  therefore,  it  is 
utterly  impossible  for  American  farmers  to  stand  in  economic  compe- 
tition witli  them.  But  this  opinion  is  based  on  the  idea  that  the  situation 
of  the  Japanese  has  not  changed  in  ten  years.  It  is  an  erroneous  view 
wholly  inapplicable  to  present  conditions,  and  which  a  little  investiga- 
tion of  the  facts  about  the  Japanese  will  dissipate  completely.  In 
fact,  today,  after  the  war,  Japanese  laborers  in  the  harvest  season  for 
the  potatoes,  asparagus,  fruit  and  grapes  of  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joa(|uin  Valleys,  and  the  sugar  beets  of  Southern  California,  rarely 
receive  less  than  four  dollars  a  day.  Non-Japanese  laborers,  excepting 
skilled  machinists,  do  not  get  more  than  three  dollars  and  a  half  per 
day.  In  fact,  it  will  be  found  that  the  facts  are  just  the  reverse  of  the 
assertions  of  the  anti- Japanese  debaters. 

In  daily  life  and  manner  of  living,  of  course,  some  are  more  clever 
than  others.  In  the  matter  of  clothing,  food,  and  housing,  investigation 
has  shown  that  expenses  in  Japanese  farmers'  homes,  as  compared  with 
other  farmers  who  are  operating  on  practically  the  same  scale,  are  for 
the  most  part  far  greater.  Proof  is  better  than  argument.  If  this  fact 
is  doubted,  an  examination  of  Japanese  farmers'  homes  in  the  vicinity 
of  Livingston  and  Fresno,  where  there  are  large  numbers  of  Japanese 
settlers,  comparing  them  with  the  Germans,  Portuguese  and  Armenians, 
the  doubt  will  be  dissipated.  This  fact  already  has  been  recognized  by 
intelligent  Americans  who  have  given  attention  to  the  Japanese  question. 

In  the  matter  of  comparative  wages  received  by  Japanese,  American 
and  other  laborers,  in  the  rice  harvest  beginning  in  September,  1919,  in 
Colusa,  Butte  and  Glenn  counties,  where  there  are  five  rice  plantations 
of  from  1200  to  2400  acres,  operated  by  Japanese  or  by  cooperative 
companies  of  Japanese  and  Americans,  investigation  was  made  on  the 
ground.  These  companies  employed  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred 
and  fifty  laborers  each,  one-third  of  them  being  Japanese  and  two-thirds 
Americans,  Europeans  and  Mexicans.  They  all  worked  cheerfully  under 
xVmerican  and  Japanese  foremen  without  any  anti-Japanese  feeling. 
On  these  plantations  wage  conditions  varied  more  or  less  in  the  methods 
of  boarding,  bonus  systems,  etc.,  but  the  wage  scale  was  practically  the 
same  in  all.  and  was  a^s  follows: 

During  harvest  After  han-est 

Japanese  common   laborers $4.00  a  day  (with  meals')     $3.50  a  day  (with  meals) 

White  common  laborers 3.50  a  day  (with  meals)        3.00  a  day  (with  meals) 

White   teamsters   4.00  a  day  (with  meals)       3.50  a  day  (with  meals) 

With  regard  to  this,  managers  and  foremen  explained  that  throughout 
the  year  Japanese  laborers  receive  about  fifty  cents  a  day  more  than 
white  laborers  doing  the  same  kind  of  work.  Teamsters,  however,  are 
generally  white  men.  but  their  wages  are  the  same  as  those  of  Japanese 


222  CALIFORNIA    AND    THE    ORIENTAL. 

common  laborers.     They  gave  the  following  reasons  why  Japanese  wages 
are  high: 

1.  There  are  certain  kinds  of  work  which  can  hardly  be  done  except 
by  Japanese,  and  certain  kinds  which  only  Japanese  will  do. 

2.  When  it  is  raining  or  in  other  circumstances  of  special  urgency, 
the  work  can  not  be  done  in  time  without  the  Japanese.  There  are  also 
circumstances  where  perfect  work  can  not  be  done  without  special 
attention. 

3.  Japanese  readily  put  their  hands  on  the  itchy  place  (i.  e.,  do  just 
what  is  wanted,  leave  nothing  to  be  desired). 

4.  Harvest  comes  just  at  the  busy  season  for  fruit  and  other  farm 
industries  when  the  scramble  for  Japanese  laborers  makes  it  difficult  to 
get  a  sufficient  number  of  men. 

5.  White  laborers  generally  dislike  the  strict  oversight  and  petty 
scolding  of  white  employers  and  tend  to  prefer  Avorking  on  Japanese 
plantations. 

6.  The  season  of  rice  harvest  is  short  and  on  this  account  also  the 
wages  paid  are  far  higher  than  those  of  white  laborers  engaged  in  other 
employments,  etc.,  etc. 

With  regard  to  board,  one  of  the  managers  said:  "Here  the  Ameri- 
cans and  Japanese  eat  exactly  the  same  food  (Western).  There  is  not 
the  slightest  difference.     The  actual  cost  of  food  is  a  dollar  a  day." 

ADDITIONAL   FACTS   ABOUT   RICE    PRODUCTION. 

We  have  said  that  in  agriculture  cooperation,  not  competition,  should 
be  the  rule.  We  wish  to  give  an  actual  case  in  substantiation  of  this. 
Rice  culture  in  California  has  increased  until  it  occupies  an  area  of 
150,000  acres  and  is  the  most  profitable  agricultural  industry  in  the 
state.  This  rice  culture,  which  is  now  counted  as  one  of  the  most 
promising  future  agricultural  industries  of  the  state,  until  seven  years 
ago  was  in  the  experimental  stage.  The  government  and  some  land 
companies  had  made  several  experimental  efforts,  but  the  rice  did  not 
ripen  satisfactorily,  and  at  one  time  rice  growing  in  California  was 
abandoned  as  impossible.  But  Japanese,  with  years  of  experience  in 
their  own  country,  not  minding  any  number  of  failures  and  sacrifices, 
brought  superior  early-ripening  varieties  from  Japan,  devised  methods 
of  irrigation  and  cultivation,  and  at  last  demonstrated  the  possibility 
of  rice  growing  in  California  as  a  successful  and  profi,table  business. 
That  this  is  true  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  85  per  cent  of  the  varieties 
of  rice  grown  in  California  is  from  Japanese  seed.  And  yet  the  Jap- 
anese, who  by  these  great  sacrifices,  won  for  California  this  new  agri- 
cultural product,  operate  not  more  than  29,000  acres  of  the  150,000 
acres  of  rice  farms  in  the  state,  the  other  120.000  acres  being  operated 
by  Americans  and  others.  As  we  said  before,  farming  under  the  open 
sky  has  no  secrets  which  can  be  monopolized,  be  they  ever  so  profitable. 
In  a  very  few  years  the  American  landlords,  wliose  strongly  alkaline 
lands  were  worthless,  have  been  able  to  make  them  most  useful  and 
valuable  lands.  From  fourteen  to  fifteen  dollars  per  acre,  tliese  lands 
have  jumped  to  a  valuation  of  over  a  hundred  dollars  per  acre.    Rough 


APPENDIX.  223 

land  from  which  could  not  be  harvested  more  than  five  or  six  sacks  of 
barley  once  in  three  years,  now  produces  over  forty  bags  of  unhuUed 
rice,  worth  at  present  six  cents  a  pound. 

Or  this  land  can  he  leased  at  an  annual  rental  of  thirty-five  to  fifty 
dollars  an  acre,  or  let  out  on  shares,  the  owner  receiving  one-third  or 
two-fifths  of  the  crop. 

This  highly  profitable  development  shows,  on  one  hand,  that  in 
farming  there  are  no  secrets  and  no  monopoly.  At  the  same  time,  on 
the  other  hand,  it  shows  what  a  perversion  of  facts,  what  an  unreason- 
able fabrication  is  the  assertion  that  the  Japanese  are  invading  and 
monopolizing  the  agricultural  lands  of  Californa 

SPECIAL    ATTENTION    TO    THE    AMERICAN    PUBLIC    REGARDING    THE 
JAPANESE   FARMERS   IN  CALIFORNIA. 

The  entire  area  of  lands  in  California  under  cultivation  by  Japanese 
farmers  is  390,637  acres,  but  80  per  cent  of  this  area  is  leased  land. 
The  land  operated  by  Japanese  owners  is  less  than  10  per  cent.  In 
the  distribution  of  agriculturists,  the  Sacramento  Valley  comes  first  in 
point  of  area,  next  Southern  California,  then  San  Joaquin  County  and 
the  region  about  Fresno  in  Central  California. 

In  the  region  where  Japanese  farmers  have  made  the  greatest  develop- 
ment, the  Sacramento  Valley,  the  soil  is  of  the  poorest,  having  a  cement- 
like hardpan  a  foot  below  the  surface,  not  only  almost  unfit  for  growing 
anything  but  grapes  and  strawberries,  but  even  in  grapes  and  straw- 
berries barely  producing  more  than  half  as  well  as  other  parts  of 
California. 

And  again,  in  the  lower  river  region,  the  so-called  delta  of  the  San 
Joaquin,  where  Japanese  farming  is  most  extensively  developed,  the 
land  was  originally  a  water-submerged  swamp.  By  building  embank- 
ments and  getting  rid  of  the  water  within  them,  and  removing  the 
willows  and  cattails,  it  has  been  made  arable.  But  the  fields  are  ten  to 
fifteen  feet  below  the  Avater  level  and  always  at  a  low  temperature  and 
emitting  marsh  gas.  The  drinking  water  is  bad.  Swarms  of  mosquitoes 
abound  and  hygienic  conditions  are  exceedingly  unwholesome.  Ameri- 
cans and  European  immigrants  can  not  live  there  at  all,  as  is  proved  by 
the  fact  that  the  number  of  European  and  American  residents  in  that 
region  is  practically  negligible. 

Again,  the  regions  in  the  vicinity  of  Livingston,  Fresno  and  Bowles, 
where  Japanese  agriculture  is  developing,  not  only  were  like  deserts, 
the  land  being  j)ractically  abandoned  as  almost  wholly  incapable  of 
producing  anything,  until  the  Japanese  moved  in  a  few  years  ago,  but 
with  a  scorching  climate  in  which  ease-loving,  weak-willed,  unsteady 
immigrants  have  no  desire  permanently  to  reside. 

The  bitter  hardships  and  sacrifices  of  the  Japanese  immigrants  who 
colonized  these  places  where  life  is  so  difficult  are  made  plain  in  the 
mute  messages  of  thousands  of  tombstones  in  the  outskirts  of  Fresno. 

A  few  years  ago,  a  writer  in  the  "San  Francisco  Chronicle,"  who 
had  investigated  the  Japanese  farming  communities  in  California,  pub- 
lished a  report  containing  the  following  passages  which  we  think  will 


224  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

suffice  to  show  what  sort  of  lands  were  settled  by  Japanei?e,  what  sacri- 
fices they  made,  and  liow  strenuously  they  battled : 

The  story  of  Livingston  is  almost  a  romance.  It  is  a  tale  of  tremendous  struggle 
against  hostile  natural  conditions,  financial  disaster  and  year  after  year  of  disap- 
pointment, but  a  struggle  maintained  by  stout  hearts  with  indomitable  perseverance 
until  it  ended,  as  a  romance  should,  in  complete  victory.  It  is  a  tale,  too,  of  the 
power  of  Christian  faith,  of  a  moral  triumph  over  material  obstacles  no  less  than 
the  material  triumph  that  the  Livingston  colonies  have  won. 

For  Livingston  is  a  Christian  colony,  and  that  fact  has,  in  more  than  one  way, 
profoundly  influenced  the  development  of  the  colony.  It  is  that  fact  that  prevents 
Livingston,  the  highest  example  of  a  Japanese  farming  community  in  California, 
from  being  taken  as  the  most  typical  example.  The  fact  that  many  of  its  members 
were  Christians  has  had  so  much  to  do  with  the  success  of  the  community  that  it  has 
in  a  measure  set  this  colony  apart  from  other  Japanese  agricultural  settlements. 

This  is  said  with  no  intent  to  draw  any  comparison  whatever  between  the  values 
of  different  religious  systems.  It  is  merely  stating  a  fact.  Because  Livingston 
colonists  are  Christians  they  have  had  certain  advantages  in  the  community  ot 
which  they  are  a  part,  and  these  advantages  have  brought  development  of  a  kind 
rhat  would  not  otherwise  have  come  to  them.  Men  of  other  faiths  agree  in  this 
statement.     Why  this  is  true  will  appear  in  the  storj*  of  the  colony. 

The  soil  was  shifting  sand,  blown  by  desert  winds  that  sucked  up  and  whirled 
away  every  vestige  of  moisture,  its  bare  surface  scorched  by  a  fierce  sun.  There  was 
no  shade,  no  water,  no  sanitation,  no  schools,  no  churches.  There  was  nothing  to 
make  life  worth  living.     In  fact,  life  there  was  believed  impossible. 

An  American  colony  had  been  planted  at  Livingston  twelve  years  before,  but 
after  a  brief  struggle  with  hostile  conditions,  had  vanished.  It  simply  "blew  away," 
its  distant  neighbors  said.  These  Japanese  were  laughed  at  when  they  announced 
that  they  would  settle  at  Livingston.  Their  own  people  laughed  at  them.  They 
were  told  that  they,  too,  would  be  blown  away  by  the  fierce  winds  that  whirled  over 
the  hot  sands. 

The  colony  was  almost  blown  away.  Established  in  1906,  it  faced  disaster  after 
disaster  and  almost  starved  through  five  lean  and  hungry  years  before  a  profit  came. 
It  found  conditions  at  Livingston  to  be  as  bad  as  they  had  been  represented.  The 
wind,  unhindered  as  it  now  is  by  plantations  of  trees,  swept  away  the  soil  they  had 
loosened  by  cultivation  and  dried  up  their  young  plants.  Grasshoppers  devoured 
what  the  wind  left.  Water  for  domestic  purposes  had  to  be  carried  for  two  miles. 
Then,  in  1909,  the  Japanese  American  Bank  in  San  Francisco,  which  held  a  second 
mortgage  on  t^eir  lands,  closed  its  doors. 

The  outlook  was  then  the  blackest  the  colony  had  faced.  The  members  had  no 
money  in  their  houses.  Families  were  without  a  nickel  on  hand.  Through  the  long 
hard  times  that  followed  there  were  days  when  families  could  not  buy  bread.  They 
got  along  only  by  little  borrowings  and  there  were  many  instances  when  five  cents 
carried  an  entire  household  for  several  days.  (From  the  San  Francisco  "Chronicle," 
January  16,  1918.) 

This  is  only  one  example  reported  b}^  the  "Chronicle"  writer  after 
investigation  made  on  the  spot,  but  probably  the  resident  Japanese  of 
the  present  day  in  every  locality  have  all  had  similar  experiences. 

Even  the  Japanese  are  not  especially  desirous  of  living  and  working 
in  deserts  where  sanitary  conditions  are  bad,  or  in  low,  damp  places, 
performing  excessively  hard  labor  which  European  immigrants  dislike. 
If  they  could  choose  they  would  prefer  the  mild  climate  of  the  coast 
with  its  charming  scenery  and  pleasant  dwelling  places,  or  flourishing 
cities  with  their  attractive  amusements  and  other  advantages,  just  like 
other  people.  But  unfortunately  the  Japanese  in  California  were  late 
comers.  When  they  immigrated  the  advantageous  labor  opportunities 
and  business  enterprises  had  been  appropriated  by  earlier  residents. 
Trade  unions  and  laboi-  organizations  had  ])een  formed  and  there  was 


APPENDIX.  225 

hardly  any  place  left  where  they  could  enter.  Nevertheless  up  to  ten 
years  ago  Japane.se  immigrants  landing  at  San  Francisco  and  Seattle 
did  fairly  well  in  the  operation  of  restaurants  and  laundries  in  those 
cities.  But  they  encountered  great  o[)pasition  and  per.se(;ution  from  the 
unions,  and  rather  than  remain  in  occupations  where  they  must  stand 
in  competition  with  those  earlier  residents  they  abandoned  thase  occu- 
pations for  one  involving  harder  work  and  a  less  plea-surable  life. 
They  had  to  enter  the  fields  abandoned  by  European  immigrants,  the 
poorest  agricultural  lands.  This  is  the  way  the  Japanese  have 
developed  the  farms. 

Meanwhile  not  only  wa-s  there  almost  no  opposition  to  or  competition 
with  the  Japanese,  but  among  the  Japanese  farmers  intending  to 
engage  in  new  agricultural  enterprises  there  was  always  the  thought 
that  they  had  come  to  America  and  must  not  lose  their  attitude  of 
respect  for  the  residents  who  were  here  before. 

To  this  end  it  has  come  to  be  an  unwritten  law,  that  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable the  sphere  of  their  activities  and  development  shall  be  in  the 
direction  of  agriculture.  Necessary  articles  of  every  day  use,  clothing, 
food,  and  household  goods,  and  most  of  the  materials  needed  in  the 
business,  are  purchased  from  American  stores.  And  even  in  the  streets 
of  cities,  shops,  restaurants  and  other  places  of  business  are  not  to  be 
set  up  in  places  where  there  would  be  competition  with  Americans. 
Certainly  there  is  no  effort  to  compete  with  residents  who  were  here 
before.  A  good  example  of  this  is  Livingston  which  has  been  men- 
tioned before. 

In  consequence  of  the  disadvantageous  fact  that  the  Japanese  were 
late  comers  the  products  with  which  they  have  to  do  for  the  most  part 
are  such  as  require  extremely  hard  work  in  production,  or  are  unprofit- 
able, or  else  such  as  can  not  well  be  produced  except  by  Japanese.  This 
fact  is  another  strong  proof  that  Japanese  are  not  in  the  position  of 
competitors  with  other  farmers. 

Comparing  the  total  agricultural  output  of  the  State  of  California, 
and  the  principal  products,  with  the  total  output  of  the  Japanese  and 
their  principal  products,  we  find  that  according  to  the  report  of 
Dr.  Hecke,  President  of  the  California  Bureau  of  Agriculture  for  1918, 
the  value  of  grapes  and  other  fruits  was  $171,626,000  and  of  grain  and 
vegetables  $351,400,000,  total  $523,026,000.  And  according  to  investi- 
gations of  the  Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of  California  at  the 
close  of  1918,  the  value  of  Japanese  farm  products  was  $53,375,000, 
that  is,  about  10  per  cent  of  the  total  output  was  produced  by  Japanese. 
Of  this  10  per  cent  of  farm  products,  those  with  which  Japanese  have 
most  to  do  are  truck  crops  such  as  strawberries,  asparagus,  celery,  and 
tomatoes,  of  which  80  per  cent  to  90  per  cent  of  the  entire  output  in 
the  state  is  produced  by  Japanese.  But  these  crops  all  require  a 
stooping  posture,  great  manual  dexterity  and  painstaking  methods  of 
work  which  other  laborers  with  long  legs  unsuitable  for  stooping  can  not 
endure.  Not  only  this,  but  this  is  a  kind  of  farming  which  Americans 
and  immigrants  from  Europe  dislike  to  follow.  Hence  it  is  perfectly 
clear  that  if  the  Japanese  had  nothing  to  do  with  this  kind  of  farming 
the  output  of  such  products  in  California  would  be  reduced  more  than 
half.     In  the  growing  of  cantaloupes,  which  are  produced  in  the  United 

15—4460 


226  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENT.U.. 

States  only  in  localities  with  the  hottest  climates,  like  the  Imperial 
Valley  in  California  and  Rocky  Ford  in  Colorado,  where  they  are 
mostly  produced,  the  heat  at  ripening  time  Ls  intense,  especially  in  the 
Imperial  Valley,  where  it  exceeds  140  degrees  Fahrenheit.  The  land 
there  is  below  sea  level  and  the  entrance  is  called  the  gate  of  hell,  which 
shows  the  popular  impression  as  to  climate.  It  is  a  disagreeable, 
unsanitary  region.  When  the  wind  blo\vs  the  whole  house  is  filled  with 
yellow  dust  and  no  matter  how  closely  the  doors  are  shut,  the  rooms 
and  even  the  closets  are  covered  with  dust.  It  is  impossible  even  to 
preserve  the  foodstuffs  completely. 

This  region  for  years  has  been  an  abandoned  waste  where  nobody 
desired  to  settle.  Moreover,  the  Japanese  had  never  seen  cantaloupes 
in  their  own  country  and,  of  course,  had  absolutely  no  experience  in 
their  cultivation.  In  normal  circumstances  there  is  no  reason  why 
large  numbers  of  Japanese  should  be  connected  with  farming  in  a 
region  where  life  is  so  disagreeable.  But  here  again  their  grievous 
position  as  late  comers  made  the  luxury  of  choice  in  climate,  con- 
venience of  living,  or  work  in  which  they  were  experienced,  impossible. 
There  was  no  chance  left  for  them  except  in  work  which  most  Ameri- 
cans and  European  immigrants  could  not  do,  or  work  which  they  never 
ventured  to  do.  Therefore,  they  had  to  engage  in  such  hazardous  and 
unprofitable  work. 

On  the  other  hand,  in  the  culture  of  such  products  as  grain,  fruit, 
beans  and  rice,  in  which  the  work  is  done  with  comparative  convenience 
by  the  use  of  machinery,  where  the  labor  of  cultivation  is  not  difficult 
and  is  comparatively  free  from  danger,  the  fact  that  the  cultivation  of 
these  products  is  widely  carried  on  also  among  American  farmers,  even 
though  the  land  was  first  opened  up  and  its  cultivation  besrun  by  the 
Japanese,  is  another  proof  that  the  charge  that  the  Japanese  are  driving 
out  the  California  farmers  or  are  competitors  against  them,  is  an  idle 
fancy  totally  without  foundation  in  fact. 

FACTS  ABOUT  JAPANESE  LAND  OWNERSHIP. 

We  greatly  regret  that  the  anti-Japanese  debaters  and  Americans  in 
general  have  very  erroneous  and  exaggerated  ideas  of  the  real  situation 
in  the  matter  of  Japanese  ownership  of  the  land. 

The  area  of  land  owned  by  Japanese  in  California,  according  to 
investigation  made  by  the  California  Central  Farmers  Association  at 
the  close  of  1918,  including  lands  purchased  prior  to  the  enforcement 
of  the  (California)  land  law  and  also  lands  purchased  after  the  law 
went  into  effect  in  the  names  of  children,  did  not  exceed  30,305  acres. 
(When  the  California  land  law  went  into  effect  in  1913  they  held 
29.500  acres.)  Comparing  this  with  the  total  land  area  of  the  state, 
99,617.280  acres,  it  does  not  exceed  1/3281.  Of  the  total  farming  land 
in  California,  27.911.444  acres,  it  Is  not  more  than  1/921. 

Lately  the  anti-Japanese  agitators  have  been  declaring  that  the 
Japanese,  in  spite  of  the  land  law,  are  busily  forming  companies  with 
Americans  and  making  extensive  purchases  of  land,  and  that  soon  all 
the  land  of  California  will  be  in  their  hands.  But  this  is  mere  idle 
rumor.  We  believe  that  anyone  who  considers  the  matter  frankly  and 
without  bias  will  admit  that,  in  the  nature  of  the  case,  the  ownership 
by  Japanese  of  shares  of  stock  in  land  companies  in  which  a  majority 


APPENDIX.  227 

of  the  stock  is  owned  by  Aniericans  is  in  no  way  dangerous.  On  the 
contrary,  there  is  no  knowing  to  what  extent  California  could  be 
developed  and  the  interests  and  welfare  of  Americans  promoted  if 
Americans,  possessing  wide  tracts  of  land  and  large  capital,  would  give 
part  of  their  stock  to  Japanese  in  order  to  bring  out  their  superior 
agricultural  skill. 

For  three  thousand  years  the  Japanese  in  the  narrow  confines  of 
their  native  land  have  cultivated  the  soil  and  have  made  it  produce 
food  for  60,000,000  people,  a  surprising  fact  of  deep  significance.  On 
the  otiier  liand,  it  enables  one  to  imagine  what  trouble  and  distr&ss  they 
have  undergone  in  order  to  preserve  the  productivity  of  the  soil,  and 
on  the  other  hand,  the  fact  that  to  the  Japanese  farmer  the  habit  of 
valuing  and  taking  care  of  the  land  has  become  second  nature  must 
not  be  overlooked.  We  believe  that  in  all  the  world  the  Japanese 
people  have  no  superiors  in  the  matter  of  producing  large  crops  from 
small  areas  and  in  the  liabitual  .'-kill  with  which  they  are  able  to  restore 
the  productive  energy  of  the  soil.  We  do  not  think  that  even  the 
Danes,  who  have  world-wide  fame  for  their  intensive  farming,  surpass 
the  Japanese  in  this  respect.  Look,  for  example,  at  the  illustrations  of 
this  in  California.  The  Japanese,  who  were  late  comers,  when  they 
took  up  farming  had  to  settle  on  the  poorest  lands  in  California,  as  can 
be  easily  imagined  by  the  poorness  of  the  soil  in  the  vicinity  of  Florin, 
Livingston  and  Bowles  near  Fresno,  where  Japanese  farmers  are 
peacefully  settled.  But  the  Japanese  with  their  inherited  three  thou- 
sand years  experience  in  restoring  the  energy  of  the  soil,  had  no  sooner 
settled  there  than,  like  king  Midas,  they  converted  those  regions 
immediately  into  the  best  farming  districts  of  California.  We  think 
this  fact  proves  the  above  statements  regarding  the  skill  of  Japanese 
in  the  treatment  of  land. 

Examples  of  the  way  in  which  Japanese  farmers  are  converting 
abandoned  farms  into  excellent  ones  have  already  been  written  up 
frequently  by  American  investigators,  but  we  wish  to  add  another 
instance.  Eleven  years  ago  a  Japanese  farmer  at  Livingston  bought 
from  an  Italian  or  Portuguese  farmer  who  had  become  weary  of  coun- 
try life  and  abandoned  it,  a  fifteen  acre  field  of  desolate  land  planted 
with  old  almond  and  fig  trees  which  had  almost  ceased  to  bear.  The 
Japanese  purchaser  had  become  fond  of  farming  and  desired  to  estab- 
lish there  a  permanent  home.  This  industrious  settler  bought  up 
manure  from  the  nearby  town  and  spaded  it  into  the  old  field.  While 
others  irrigated  once,  he  irrigated  two  or  three  times.  He  cultivated 
deeply  and  painstakingly  over  and  over  again,  and  w'hile  taking 
measures  to  restore  the  soil  he  also  pruned  the  old  fruit  trees,  grafting 
in  branches  of  improved  varieties,  spraying  to  drive  out  in.jurious 
insects  three  or  four  times  where  others  spraved  but  once,  and  as  the 
result  of  this  improved  culture  there  is  probably  no  fruit  farm  to  be 
seen  in  California  which  compares  with  this  one. 

And  not  only  so,  he  has  an  improved  home,  lives  like  the  Americans, 
is  educating  his  children,  and  en.joys  the  perfect  confidence  of  the 
Americans  in  the  vicinity. 

This  is  but  a  single  example.  We  could  adduce  any  number  of 
similar  examples  among  the  Japanese  settled  farmers  in  various  places, 
but  this  will  suffice  here. 


22&  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE    ORIENT AI.. 

JAPANESE    EXPERT    INTENSIVE    FARMERS. 

The  statement  that  there  are  few  who  equal  the  Japanese  in  inten- 
sive farming  is  verified  by  the  strawberry  and  vegetable  industries, 
which  are  largely  carried  on  by  them.  On  a  small  area  of  from  two 
acres  to  forty  acres  a  single  family  raises  products  worth  thousands 
and  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars.  At  the  present  time  California  has 
vast  areas  of  arable  land  which  lie  idle  because  there  are  so  few 
cultivators,  but  as  the  population  increases  year  after  year  and  an 
unlimited  power  of  consuming  farm  products  develop.s,  intensive  farm- 
ing sooner  or  later  will  become  necessary,  as  has  been  pointed  out  by 
Dr.  Hunt  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia and  other  intelligent  agriculturists.  It  is  also  an  unquestionable 
fact  that  in  growing  the  various  kinds  of  products  now  being  cultivated, 
rotation  of  crops  and  fertilizing  must  be  practiced.  Otherwise  the 
most  fertile  land  will  deteriorate  year  by  year. 

Japanese  farmers  have  made  such  points  subjects  of  repeated,  care- 
ful study  and  contrivance.  For  instance,  they  have  been  studying 
for  several  years  the  problems  of  the  crop  rotation  and  the  expulsion 
of  the  panic  weed  in  the  rice  fields  of  northern  California,  and 
steadily  they  have  kept  on  until  success  is  assured.  This  is  one 
example. 

SHOULD  BE  GIVEN  FAIR  AND  DEMOCRATIC  TREATMENT. 
In  short,  it  is  not  an  exaggeration  to  say  that  the  great  agitation 
which  is  being  made  over  the  paltry  holdings  of  farm  land  by  Japanese 
here  in  America,  with  its  unlimited  areas  of  uncultivated  land,  partic- 
ularly in  California,  is  the  work  of  instigators  who  are  frightening 
people  with  shadows.  Since  there  is  already  a  "Gentlemen's  Agree- 
ment" it  is  proper  that  the  governments  of  both  nations  should  do  their 
best  to  prevent  the  coming  of  new  immigrants,  but  the  attempt  to  rob 
good  agricultural  settlers  already  in  the  country  and  peacefully  living  on 
the  soil,  assimilating  themselves  to  the  American  spirit,  ideals,  manners, 
customs  and  national  sentiments,  of  their  liberty  to  cultivate  the  soil 
and  their  power  to  multiply  children,  is  something  which  we  do  not 
think  a  civilized  people,  particularly  the  Americans,  who  respect  the 
right  of  possession  and  of  rights  already  secured,  will  venture  to  do. 
Even  in  Japan,  with  its  small  national  domain  and  excess  of  popula- 
tion, not  only  is  national  sentiment  gradually  tending  to  leniency  in 
respect  to  alien  ownership  of  land,  but  there  are  absolutely  no  dis- 
criminatory laws  against  persons  from  abroad.  Moreover,  the  tend- 
ency of  the  age  in  all  the  world  is  gradually  towards  new  ideals  which 
discard  all  discriminatory  treatment  based  on  race  and  nationality. 
America  is  peculiarly  the  land  of  opportunity,  a  land  which  boasts 
of  her  magnanimity  and  forbearance  towards  all,  and  it  is  the  spirit  of 
her  treatment  of  immigrants  from  abroad  which  is  making  America 
increasingly  preeminent.  We  believe  that  the  Americans  of  this  new 
age  will  never  repeat  the  cruelties  of  the  Pharaohs  of  ancient  Egypt 
or  the  oppressions  of  the  old  German  regime  in  Poland,  but  that,  by 
loyalty  to  the  true  spirit  of  the  nation,  will  make  glorious  the  future 
history  of  America. 


APPENDIX.  229 

PROPOSED  INITIATIVE,  AMENDING  CALIFORNIA  ALIEN 

LAND  LAW. 

(Election    November   2,    1920.) 

PROPERTY   RIGHTS   AND    DISABILITIES   OF   ALIENS   IN    CALIFORNIA. 

Initiative    Measure    to    Be    Submitted    Directly    to    the    Electors. 

ALIEN  LAND  LAW.  INITL\TIVIO  ACT.  I'ER.MITS  ACQUISITION  AND 
TRANSFER  OF  REAL  I'ROPERTY  RY  ALIENS  ELIGIRLE  TO  CITI- 
ZENSHIP, TO  SAME  EXTENT  AS  CITIZENS  EXCEPT  AS  OTHER- 
WISE PROVIDED  BY  LAW;  PERMITS  OTHER  ALIENS,  AND 
COMPANIES,  ASSOCIATIONS  AND  CORPORATIONS  IN  WHICH 
THEY  HOLD  MAJORITY  INTEREST,  TO  ACQUIRE  AND  TRANSFER 
RE.\L  PROPERTY  ONLY  AS  PRESCRIBED  BY  TREATY,  BLT  PRO- 
HIBITING APPOINTMENT  THEREOF  AS  GUARDIANS  OF  ESTATES 
OF  MINORS  CONSISTING  WHOLLY  OR  PARTIALLY  OF  REAL 
PROPERTY  OR  SHARES  IN  SUCH  CORPORATIONS;  PROVIDES  FOR 
ESCHEATS  IN  CERTAIN  CASES;  REQUIRES  REPORTS  OF  PROP- 
ERTY HOLDINGS  TO  FACILITATE  ENFORCEMENT  OF  ACT;  PRE- 
SCRIBES PENALTIES  AND  REPEALS  CONFLICTING  ACTS. 

An  act  relating  to  the  rights,  powers  and  disabilities  of  aliens  and  of  certain  com- 
panies, associations  and  corporations  with  respect  to  property  in  this  state, 
providing  for  escheats  in  certain  cases,  prescribing  the  procedure  therein, 
requiring  reports  of  certain  property  holdings  to  facilitate  the  enforcement  of 
this  act,  prescribing  penalties  for  violation  of  the  provisions  hereof,  and  repeal- 
ing all  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  or  in  conflict  herewith. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  California  do  enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  All  aliens  eligible  to  citizenship  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States 
may  acquire,  possess,  enjoy,  transmit  and  inherit  real  property,  or  any  interest 
therein,  in  this  state,  in  the  same  manner  and  to  the  same  extent  as  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  except  as  otherwise  provided  by  the  laws  of  this  state. 

Sec.  2.  All  aliens  other  than  those  mentioned  in  section  one  of  this  act  may 
acquire,  possess,  enjoy  and  transfer  real  property,  or  any  interest  therein,  in  thii 
state,  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent  and  for  the  purpose  prescribed  by  any  treaty 
now  existing  between  the  government  of  the  United  States  and  the  nation  or  country 
of  which  such  alien  is  a  citizen  or  subject,  and  not  otherwise. 

Sec.  3.  Any  copapany,  association  or  corporation  organized  under  the  laws  of 
this  or  any  other  state  or  nation,  of  which  a  majority  of  the  members  are  aliens 
other  than  those  specified  in  section  one  of  this  act,  or  in  which  a  majority  of  the 
issued  capital  stock  is  owned  by  such  aliens,  may  acquire,  possess,  enjoy  and  convey 
real  property,  or  any  interest  therein,  in  this  state,  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent 
and  for  the  purposes  prescribed  by  any  treaty  now  existing  between  the  government 
of  the  United  States  and  the  nation  or  country  of  which  such  members  or  stock- 
holders  are  citizens  or  subjects,  and  not  otherwise.  Hereafter  all  aliens  other  than 
those  specified  in  section  one  hereof  may  become  members  of  or  acquire  shares  of 
stock  in  any  company,  association  or  corporation  that  is  or  may  be  authorized  to 
acquire,  possess,  enjoy  or  convey  agricultural  land,  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent 
and  for  the  purposes  prescribed  by  any  treaty  now  existing  between  the  government 
of  the  United  States  and  the  nation  or  country  of  which  such  alien  is  a  citizen  or 
subject,  and  not  otherwise. 

Sex!.  4.  Hereafter  no  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  hereof  and  no  company, 
association  or  corporation  mentioned  in  section  three  hereof,  may  be  appointed 
guardian  of  that  portion  of  the  estate  of  a  minor  which  consists  of  property  which 
such  alien  or  such  company,  association  or  corporation  is  inhibited  from  acquiring, 
posnessing,  enjoying  or  transferring  by  reason  of  the  provisions  of  this  act.  The 
public  administrator  of  the  proper  county,  or  any  other  competent  person  or  corpo- 
ration, may  be  appointed  guardian  of  the  estate  of  a  minor  citizen  whose  parents  ar« 
ineligible  to  appointment  under  the  provisions  of  this  section. 

On  such  notice  to  the  guardian  as  the  court  may  require,  the  superior  court  may 
remove  the  guardian  of  such  an  estate  whenever  it  appears  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
court : 

(a)  That  the  guardian  has  failed  to  file  the  report  required  by  the  provisions  of 
section  five  hereof ;  or 


230  CALIFORNIA    AND   THE   ORIENTAL. 

(6)  That  the  property  of  the  ward  has  not  been  or  Is  not  being  administered  with 
due  regard  to  the  primary  interest  of  the  ward  ;  or 

(c)  That  facts  exist  which  would  make  the  guardian  ineligible  to  appointment  in 
the  first  instance ;  or 

(d)  That  facts  establishing  any  other  legal  ground  for  removal  exist. 

Sec.  5.  (a)  The  term  "trustee"  as  used  in  this  section  means  any  person,  com- 
pany, association  or  corporation  that  as  guardian,  trustee,  attorney-in-fact  or  agent, 
or  in  any  other  capacity  has  the  title,  custody  or  control  of  property,  or  some  interest 
therein,  belonging  to  an  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  hereof,  or  to  the  minor  child 
of  such  an  alien,  if  the  property  is  of  such  a  character  that  such  alien  is  inhibited 
from  acquiring,   possessing,  enjoying  or  transferring  it. 

(b)  Annually  on  or  before  the  thirty-first  day  of  January  every  such  trustee 
must  file  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  of  California  and  in  the  office  of  the 
county  clerk  of  each  county  in  which  any  of  the  property  is  situated,  a  verifiid  written 
report  showing : 

(1)  The  property,  real  or  personal,  held  by  him  for  or  on  behalf  of  such  an 
alien  or  minor ; 

(2)  A  statement  showing  the  date  when  each  item  of  such  property  came  into 
his  possession  or  control ; 

(3)  An  itemized  account  of  all  expenditures,  investments,  rents,  issues  and  profits 
in  respect  to  the  administration  and  control  of  such  property  with  particular 
reference  to  holdings  of  corporate  stock  and  leases,  cropping  contracts  and  other 
agreements  in  respect  to  land  and  the  handling  or  sale  of  products  thereof. 

(c)  Any  person,  company,  association  or  corporation  that  violates  any  provision 
of  this  section  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  exceed- 
ing one  thousand  dollars  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  exceeding  one 
year,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

(d)  The  provisions  of  this  section  are  cumulative  and  are  not  intended  to  change 
the  jurisdiction  or  the  rules  of  practice  of  courts  of  justice. 

Sex;.  6.  Whenever  it  appears  to  the  court  in  any  probate  proceeding  that  by 
reason  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  any  heir  or  devisee  can  not  take  real  property  in 
this  state  or  membership  or  shares  of  stock  in  a  company,  association  or  corporation 
which,  but  for  said  provisions,  said  heir  or  devisee  would  take  as  such,  the  court, 
instead  of  ordering  a  distribution  of  such  property  to  such  heir  or  devisee,  shall 
order  a  sale  of  said  property  to  be  made  in  the  manner  provided  by  law  for  probate 
sales  of  property  and  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  shall  be  distributed  to  such  heir  or 
devisee  in  lieu  of  such  property. 

Sec.  7.  Any  real  property  hereafter  acquired  in  fee  in  violation  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act  by  any  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  of  this  act,  or  by  any  company, 
association  or  corporation  mentioned  in  section  three  of  this  act,  shall  escheat  to, 
and  become  and  remain  the  property  of  the  State  of  California.  The  attorney  gen- 
eral or  district  attorney  of  the  proper  county  shall  institute  proceedings  to  have  the 
escheat  of  such  real  property  adjudged  and  enforced  in  the  manner  provided  by 
section  four  huudred  seventy-four  of  the  Political  Code  and  title  eight,  part  three 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  Upon  the  entry  of  final  judgment  in  such  proceed- 
ings, the  title  to  such  real  property  shall  pass  to  the  State  of  California.  The 
provisions  of  this  section  and  of  sections  two  and  three  of  this  act  shall  not  apply 
to  any  real  property  hereafter  acquired  in  the  enforcement  or  in  satisfaction  of  any 
lien  now  existing  upon,  or  interest  in  such  property,  so  long  as  such  real  property 
so  acquired  shall  remain  the  property  of  the  alien,  company,  association  or  corpora- 
tion acquiring  the  same  in  such  manner.  No  alien,  company,  association  or 
corporation  mentioned  in  section  two  or  section  three  hereof  shall  hold  for  a  longer 
period  than  two  years  the  possession  of  any  agricultural  land  acquired  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  or  in  satisfaction  of  a  mortgage  or  other  lien  hereafter  made  or  acquired  in 
good  faith  to  secure  a  debt. 

Sec.  8.  Any  leasehold  or  other  interest  in  real  property  less  than  the  fee,  here- 
after acquired  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  by  any  alien  mentioned  in 
section  two  of  this  act,  or  by  any  company,  association  or  corporation  mentioned  in 
section  three  of  this  act,  shall  escheat  to  the  State  of  California.  The  attorney  gen- 
eral or  district  attorney  of  the  proper  county  shall  institute  proceedings  to  have  such 
escheat  adjudged  and  enforced  as  provided  in  section  seven  of  this  act.  In  such 
proceedings  the  court  shall  determine  and  adjudge  the  value  of  such  leasehold  or 
other  interest  in  such  real  property,  and  enter  judgment  for  the  state  for  the  amount 
thereof   together   with   costs.     Thereupon   the   court  shall   order  a  sale  of   the  real 


APPENDIX.  231 

property  covered  by  such  leasehold,  or  other  interest,  in  the  manner  provided  by 
section  twelve  hundred  seventy-one  of  the  Code  of  Civil  I'rocedure.  Out  of  the 
proceeds  arising  from  such  sale,  the  amount  of  the  judgment  rendered  for  the  state 
shall  be  paid  into  the  state  treasury  and  the  balance  shall  be  deposited  with  and 
distributed  by  the  court  in  accordance  with  the  interest  of  the  parties  therein.  Any 
share  of  stock  or  the  interest  of  any  member  in  a  company,  association  or  corporation 
hereafter  acquired  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  section  three  of  this  act  shall 
escheat  to  the  State  of  California.  .Such  escheat  shall  be  adjudged  and  enforced  in 
the  same  manner  as  provided  in  this  section  for  the  escheat  of  a  leasehold  or  other 
interest  in   real  proix-rty   less  than   the  fee. 

Sec.  !).  Every  transfer  of  real  property,  or  of  an  interest  therein,  though  color- 
able in  form,  sliall  be  void  as  to  the  state  and  the  interest  thereby  conveyed  or  sought 
to  be  conveyed  shall  escheat  to  the  state  if  the  property  interest  involved  is  of  such 
a  character  that  an  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  hereof  is  inhibited  from  acquiring, 
possessing,  enjoying  or  transferring  it,  and  if  the  conveyance  is  made  with  intent  to 
prevent,  evade  or  avoid  escheat  as  provided  for  herein. 

A  prima  facie  presumption  that  the  conveyance  is  made  with  such  intent  shall 
arise  upon  proof  of  any  of  the  following  groups  of  facts : 

(a)  The  taking  of  the  property  in  the  name  of  a  person  other  than  the  persons 
mentioned  in  section  two  hereof  if  the  consideration  is  paid  or  agreed  or  understood 
to  be  paid  by  an  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  hereof; 

(b)  The  taking  of  the  property  in  the  name  of  a  company,  association  or  corpora- 
tion, if  the  memberships  or  shares  of  stock  therein  held  by  aliens  mentioned  in  section 
two  hereof,  together  with  the  memberships  or  shares  of  stock  held  by  others  but  paid 
for  or  agreed  or  understood  to  be  paid  for  by  such  aliens,  would  amount  to  a  majority 
of  the  membership  or  the  issued  capital  stock  of  such  company,  association  or  cor- 
poration ; 

(c)  The  execution  of  a  mortgage  in  favor  of  an  alien  mentioned  in  section  two 
hereof  if  said  mortgagee  is  given  possession,  control  or  management  of  the  property. 

The  enumeration  in  this  section  of  certain  presumptions  shall  not  be  so  construed 
as  to  preclude  other  presumptions  or  inferences  that  reasonably  may  be  made  as  to 
the  existence  of  intent   to  prevent,  evade  or  avoid  escheat  as  provided  for  herein. 

Sec.  10.  If  two  or  more  persons  conspire  to  effect  a  transfer  of  real  property, 
or  of  an  interest  therein,  in  violation  of  the  provisions  hereof,  they  are  punishable 
by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  or  state  penitentiary  not  exceeding  two  years,  or 
by  a  fine  not  exceeding  five  thousand  dollars,  or  both. 

Sec.  11.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  as  a  limitation  upon  the  power 
of  the  state  to  enact  laws  with  respect  to  the  acquisition,  holding  or  disposal  by  aliens 
of  real  property  in  this  state. 

Sec.  12.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  or  in  conflict  with  the  provisions 
hereof  are  hereby  repealed  ;  provided,  that— 

(o)  This  act  shall  not  affect  pending  actions  or  proceedings,  but  the  same  may  be 
prosecuted  and  defended  with  the  same  effect  as  if  this  act  had  not  been  adopted; 

(b)  No  cause  of  action  arising  under  any  law  of  this  state  shall  be  affected  by 
reason  of  the  adoption  of  this  act  whether  an  action  or  proceeding  has  been  instituted 
thereon  at  the  time  of  the  taking  effect  of  this  act  or  not  and  actions  may  be  brought 
upon  such  causes  in  the  same  manner,  under  the  same  terms  and  conditions,  and 
with  the  same  effect  as  if  this  act  had  not  been  adopted. 

(c)  This  act  in  so  far  as  it  does  not  add  to,  take  from  or  alter  an  existing  law, 
shall  be  construed  as  a  continuation  thereof. 

Sec.  13.  The  legislature  may  amend  this  act  in  furtherance  of  its  purpose  and  to 
facilitate  its  operation. 

Sec.  14.  If  any  section,  subsection,  sentence,  clause  or  phrase  of  this  act  is  for 
any  reason  held  to  be  unconstitutional,  such  decision  shall  not  affect  the  validity  of 
the  remaining  portions  of  this  act.  The  people  hereby  declare  that  they  would  have 
passed  this  act,  and  each  section,  subsection,  sentence,  clause  and  phrase  thereof, 
irrespective  of  the  fact  than  any  one  or  more  other  sections,  subsections,  sentences, 
clauses  or  phrases  be  declared  unconstitutional. 


4460  7-20  lOM 


INDEX. 


Page 
Adams,   Professor  R.  Ti.,  letter  of-.125-127 

Alaska,   alien    fishing  law 96 

Allen  fishing  laws 

Alaska     _  _       - — -       -  Ofi 

British    Columbia  \II.I1Z~1"II""     96 

Oregon    95,  96 

Washington    94,  95 

Alien   land  laws 

Arizona 6fi 

Australia 67 

California.       See     California     alien 
land  law. 

Japan    68,  69 

Mexico 67 

Pacific    Islands    68 

Philippine    Islands   69 

Washington    65.  66 

Americanization  by  Japanese_-204,  213,  214 

Arizona    alien    land    law 66 

Assimilabillty   of   Japanese 9,  10,  15,  211 

Associations.  Japanese 104 

Australia 

alien  land  laws 67 

land  settlement  in 124,  125 

Banks,  Japanese 80 

Barton.  H.  P.,  report  of 111 

Birth   rates   37-41 

Births 

excess  over  deaths 26 

registered   39 

British  Columbia,  alien  fishing  law 96 

Brown,   Edward  A. 

Hindu   housing,    report   on 109 

Japanese  housing,   report  on 108 

Burnett,   A.   E.,    letter  of 145 

Butte     county,      oriental      occupancy 

fmap)    55 

Calhoun.  Mrs.  A.  S.,  report  by 111 

California  alien   land  law 
act  of  1913 

evasion  of ■ 13,  65 

text    62,  64 

history   of   11,  210 

Initiative  measure,  1920 

adoption    urged    by    governor 13,  14 

possible   evasion    1 13 

text    229-231 

proposed    legislation    in    1919 12 

California  Farmers  Cooperative  Asso- 
ciation      104.  140.  141 

California    Pish    and    Game    Commis- 
sion,  letters   of   95 

Canneries 

crops   supplied   by  Japanesce   to 50 

fishermen   financed  by   92 

Cantaloupes 

contract    between     distributor    and 

grower    83-86 

financing  of  crop 81-83 

Certificates   of  transmission   80 

Chiba.   Toyoji,  article  by 216-228 

Chinese 

birth   rate 37.  39 

citizenship 181,  184,  190 

commercial  activities   104 

corporations    controlled   bv 133 

exclusion  of 7.  27,  101,  181 

Importation  of  bond  labor_--105,  107,  122 

laborers 101 

land  occupied  by 47,  48 

minors    28 

population  25-29 


Citizenship  Page 

Chinese,    eligibility    181,  184.  190 

expatriation,   right  of 190.  191 

Hindus,    eligibility    181 

Japanese 

declamation    of   losing   nationality  183 

dual    nalionality    182,184-187 

ellgibilitv   In   U.   S 184.  190.  191 

expatriation    182,  184-187 

Hawaii    71 

military    service    183,185.187 

Colonization,   tendency  toward 58,  60 

Colusa    county 

Japanese  births  in   (chart). .__ 38 

oriental  occupancy   fmap) 55 

Contract      between      distributor      and 

grower  »a-»b 

Control,   state   board   of 
Governor's   letter    re.questing    Inves- 
tigation   19.  20 

transmissal,   letter  of 17 

Corporations 

evasion    of   land   law   by 12,  65,  133 

oriental    133 

Crop  contract,  sample 83-86 

Crops.      See    farm    products. 

Crow.    Carl:     "Japan    and    America," 

quotation   from   72 

Darwin.    L.   H..   letter  of 95 

Distributors 

contract  with   oriental   grower 83-86 

financial   aid   to  .Japanese 79-86 

Dual  nationality  of  Japanese 184-188 

Durham    land    settlement,    farm 

laborers    at    123,  124 

Exclusion  laws 

Chinese    7,  101,  181 

Hindu    - 101,  102.  108 

Japanese 

Hritish    colonies 14,  15 

federal  law,  need  for 14 

laborers     ^02,  166-169 

Korean  laborers 162,  166-169 

Expatriation 

Japanese   law   182-187 

native  born  minor 190,  191 

right    recognized   by  U.   S 190 

Farm  advisers,  county,  oriental  occu- 
pancy, reports  on 58.  60 

Farm   products 

abandonment     of    certain     products 

.cucrsrested    105.  126 

California,    value   of   49.  225 

canneries,   supplied  to   50 

Japanese 

acreage   and    value    8,  49,  205.  225 

competition  with  white  farmer_102.  103 

number  engaged   in  raising 103 

percentage  raised  by 8.  80,  225 

Farms  under  Japanese  management--  204 
Fecundity     of     Japanese     and     white 

women    40.  41 

Fishing  industry 

alien   fleet,   menace  of 93 

Japanese 

financing  of  79.  92 

number  engaged  in 91.96 

smuggling  in   93,  175,  176 

nativity  of  fishermen 96 

value  in  California 91 

Fresno  County 

.fapanese  births  in   fchart) 38 

oriental  occupancy  (map) 59 

(jeary  act   101 


4460 


Gentlemen's  agreement  Page 

enforcement  of 142,  143 

evasion    of    11,  176 

failure   of    161,  169,  170 

history  of 11,  162-164,  209,  210 

immigration,    effect   on 143 

immigration  rules  under 166-169 

strict  provisions  urged 14 

treaty  of  1911,  declaration  in 121 

Glenn      county,      oriental      occupancy 

(map)  55 

Guardianship 

Japanese  law 187-189 

land  law,  evasion  by  means  of 05 

Gulick,  Dr.  Sidney  I...:  "The  American- 
Japanese       Problem,"       quotation 

from 197 

Hawaii 

homesteading  law  in 71 

Japanese 

citizenship  in 71 

schools  in 197,  198 

Hindus 

British  colonies,  exclusion  from 102 

citizenship    of    181 

exclusion  from  U.  S 102,  108 

housing 109,  112 

laborers    101 

land  occupied  by— • 47,  48,  181 

morals 181 

number  and  distribution 27,  102,  108 

Horticultural  commissioners,  county 

oriental  occupancy,  reports  on 56,  58 

Ichihashi,    Yamato:    "Japanese    Immi- 
gration," 

extiact  from   103,164 

Immigration  laws,  U.  S. 

enforcement 142,  143,  169 

rules  under 165,  169 

Immigrants,   oriental 

fishing  boats,  illegal  entry  on 93 

Japanese 

emigrants,  excess  over 169 

history  of  ..__ 7,  8,  210,  217.  218 

laborers  admitted 170 

number    25,  29-31,  210 

sex  distribution 143 

Mexican  border,  illegal  entry  over— 

175,  176 

Imperial  county 

Japanese  births  in   (chart) 38 

oriental  occupancy   (map) 63 

special  census  in 29 

Indians 

birth  rate ^^ 

minors 28 

per  cent  increase 26 

•^^P^"  .  MA. 

adoption   law i** 

alien  land  law 68,  72 

conscription  law 183 

emigration,   control  of,   under  treaty 

of  1911 121 

expatriation,  law  of 182-187 

farm  lands  available  in 72,  73 

guardianship,    law  of 187-189 

Immigration  from 169,  170,  210 

marriage    law    14- 

treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation. 

1911    115-121 

Japanese 
agitation  against,  history  of.-203,  209,  210 

Americanization  by 204,  213,  214 

arguments  against  217 

assimilability    9,  10,  15,  211 

banks „?9 

birth  rate  37-39,  212,  213 

births,   excess  over  deaths 26 

children 

admission  of 145 

citizenship    190,  191 

labor  by 11.  102 

population 27,  28,  191 

commercial  activities 80,  104 


P«0B 

corporations  controlled  by 133 

development  by  —52,  205-207,  223.  224,  227 

dual   nationality  181-191 

expatriation    184-187 

farm  products 

acreage  and  value 8,  49,  205,  225 

number  engaged  in  raising 103 

percentage  raised  by 8,  80.  225 

faims  operated  by 204 

fecundity  of  women 40,  41 

fishermen 91,  96 

hours  of  labor 212 

housing 108-112 

Immigrants  and  emigrants 29-31,  169 

immigrants,   protection  to 214 

laborers 

number  admitted  to  U.  S 170 

restrictions  on 162,  166-169 

wages    211 

land  occupied  by 47,  48,  204,  205 

leases  by 48,  50,  56,  81 

living  conditions 

58,  60,  102,  108,  110,  112,  221 

minors    27,  28,  191 

missions  for 214 

occupations    164,  165,  204 

population 

California    25-27,  204 

increase  in  26.  30 

men  and  women 41 

minors    27.  28,  191 

United  States 29,  30 

reclamation  by  52,  206 

registration  proposed 14 

rural  settlers 219 

settlement    in    California,    history   of 

217,  218 

schools   197,  198 

standard  of  living 211,  221 

voters,  future 191 

wages 58.  60,  211,  221,  222 

women 

expatriation  by  marriage 186 

fecundity 40,  41 

labor  by 11,  102 

men,  proportion  to 41 

Japanese  Agricultural  Association 

Chiba,  Toyoji.  article  by 216-228 

farm  products  statistics 49.  80 

organization  of 104 

"Japanese  American  News,"  article  in     72 
Japanese  Association   of  America 

agreement  and  bv-laws 113,  114 

birth  rate,  statement  on 39,  203 

by-laws   of   113,  114 

census  by 27 

memorial     presented     to     President 

Wilson 203-215 

occupations  of  Japanese 165 

organization  of 104 

Johnson.   Arthur  L..   report  by 111 

Jones.    Professor   William    Carey,    let- 
ter of 190 

Keefe.   Daniel  J.,  report  of 139 

Kings  County 

Japanese  births  in  (chart) 38 

oriental  occupancy   (map) 59 

Korean  laborers,  exclusion  of 162,  166-169 

Labor 
Chinese,  as  possible  supply — 105.  107.  122 

foreign   methods  of  providing 123-125 

Japanese,  competition  of 102,  103 

Mexican   122,  127 

needs  in  California 126.  127 

oriental,    usefulness    58,  60 

shortage,  relief  of 105 

white 

availability 56,  58,  106,  107,  123,  125 

displacement  by  oriental 58,  60 

Laborers 

conditions  regarding 126 

Japanese 

admitted  to  U.   S 170 


Pafft 

hours  of '^^'^ 

Immigration  regulations 166-169 

whites,   work   for 101 

land  .settlement  colonies,  supply  by_   123 

wages oo,  60.  2Z\ 

Land.     See  also  alien  land  laws. 

character    of,    under    oriental    occu- 
pancy   56.  60 

farm.s   under  Japanese  management   204 

leases  by  orientals 48.   50,   56.   60.   SI 

oriental   occupancy- 
maps  54-63 

statistics 47-51 

ownership  by  Japanese 

8,   47-51.  226-227 

Land  settlement  colonies 123-125 

Lane,  W.  F'.,  letter  of 81-83 

Lansing,  Secretary  of  State 

anti-Japanese  legislation,  request  to 

defer   12 

Leases  by  orientals 48,  50,  56,  60,  81 

Living  conditions 

58,  60,  102.  110,  112,  221 

Livingston,    Japanese   colony   at 

208.  209.  224 

Los  Angeles  County 

Japanese  births  In   (chart) 38 

oriental  occupancy  (map) 61 

Lyons,  T.  W.  G.,  letter  of 121 

Martin,  Dr.  Chas.   E.,  letter  of 184 

Mead,  Dr.  Elwood,  letter  of 123 

Mexicans,  farm  labor  supply 122,  127 

Mexico — 

alien  land  law 67 

smuggling  over  border 175 

Miller,   Arthur,    contract  with   oriental 

growers    83 

Millis,   Professor  H.  A.,  statements  of 

210.  214,  21,') 

Minor  population 28 

Missions,   Japanese 214 

MIyaoka.  T..  statement  of 183 

Mohammedans.     See    Hindus. 
Monterey    County,    Japanese   births    in 

(chart) 38 

Naturalization    of   orientals.     See    citi- 
zenship. 
Navigation  laws,  violation  of  federal-.     92 
Negroes 

birth  rate 26.  39 

minor  pop\ilation 2S 

Nielsen.  E.  M.,  report  of 92 

Ohta,  T..  statement  of 141 

Orange  County 

Japanese  births  In    (chart) 38 

Oregon- 
alien  fishing  law 95,  96 

Outlook  Magazine,  article  in 73 

Pacific  Islands  alien  land  law » 68 

Passports.    See  also  Gentlemen's  Agree- 
ment. 

laborers  not  entitled  to 170 

laborers  without 170 

picture  brldes- 

disc.ontlnuance  of 143 

method  of  granting 139 

Personal   employment   contracts 13 

Phelan,    Senator,  James    D.,    letter    to, 

142.   143 

Philippine  Islands,  alien  land  law 69 

Phillips,   William,   letter  of 142 

Picture  bride-s- 

arrivals  at  San  Francisco 146-155 

Japanese  law  governing 142 

marriage  of 140.  141 

mothers,   per  cent  becoming 146,   147 

passports- 
discontinuance  of 143 

method  of  granting 139 

U.  S.  government,  recognition  by 142 

Placer  County- 
Japanese  births  in   (chart) 38 

oriental  occupancy  (map) 61 

Pomeroy.      Professor  •   John      Norton, 

opinion  of 190 


Population  ,  ,P»«* 

Chinese    ia-29 

cities,  concentration  In 219 

Hindu 27,   29,   102,   108 

Increase,  per  cent 26 

Indian 26.  28 

Japanese 8.  25-31 

minors 27.  28 

negro 26.   .'8 

white 2i;.   JS 

Pre.sident  Woodrow  Wilson,  memorial 
of       Japanese      Association      of 

America  to 203-215 

Rice  Industry 

Japanese   development 

52,  55.  205.  206,  222 

wages  paid  laborers 221 

Sacramento  County 

Japanese   births   In    (chart) 38 

oriental  occupancy  (map) 57 

San   Benito  f'ounty 

Japanese  births  In   (chart) 3S 

San  Joa<iuln  County 

Japanesf!  births  In  (chart) 38 

oriental  occupancy    (map) 57 

Santa   Barbara   County 

Japanese  births  In   (chart) 38 

Santa   Clara   County 

Japanese   births   In    (chart) 33 

Santa  Cruz  County 

Japanese  births  In   (chart) Z>i 

Scar,  Antone,   report  by 110 

Schools 

Japanese  language  schools 

197,  198,  214.  2'5 

minors,  registration  of 27.  28 

separate,  for  Japanese,  proposed_ll,  .O'.t 
Setchel,  W.  Flanders,  President  Valley 
Fruit  Growers'  Association,  letter 

of 106.    107 

Shaughnessy,   M.   P.,  letter  of lOS 

Shoemaker,  Carl  D.,  letter  of 95 

Sikhs.     See  Hindus. 
Smuggling 

methods  used 175.   176 

Mexican  border 175 

Solano    County 

Japanese  births  in  (chart) 3S 

oriental  occupancy  (ynap) 57 

special  census  in 29 

Standard  of  living.  .lapanese 

102.   103.   108.   112.  211,   221 

Stephens,    Governor    William    D. 

Colbv,  Bainbrldge,  Secretary  of  State 

letter  to I 7 

Control,  Board  of,  letter  to 19 

Sutter  County 

Japane.'^e   births  In    (chart) 38 

oriental  occupancy  (map) 57 

Treat,  Professor  P.  J.,  statement  of-.  209 
Treaty    of    comniei-ce    and    navigation 

^'ith  Japan.   1911   115-121 

Trustees,   ownership  through 12.65.133 

Tulare     county,     oriental     occupancv 

(map)    ■_     59 

Turlock    Irrigation    district.    Japanese 

land   leases   in    si 

United  ,'^tates  government 

immigration   regulations 162,  166-169 

Japanese  exclusion  law  urged 14.  15 

navigation    laws,    violation   of 92 

picture   brides,    recognition    of 142 

treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation 

with  Japan,   1911  115-121 

Valley  Fruit  Growers  Association,  use 

of  American   laborers 106.  107 

Wages   of  Japanese 58.  60.  211,  221,  22; 

Walther.    Elmer  J.,   report  by 110 

Washington 

alien  fishing  law 94,  95 

alien  land  law 65,  66 

Westfall-Lane  Company,  letter  of.. -SI.  83 
Yolo   County 

Japanese   births   in    (chart) 38 

oriental  occupancy   (map)    57 

Yuba     Countv.       Japanese     births     In 
(chart)  38 


THE  ASIAN  EXPERIENCE 
IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

An  Arno  Press  Collection 


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Reference  to  Chinese.  1979 

Bell,  Reginald.  Public  School  Education  of  Second-Generation 
Japanese  in  California.  1935 

California  State  Board  of  Control.  California  and  the  Oriental: 
Japanese,  Chinese,  and  Hindus.  1922 

Canada,  Department  of  Labour.  Two  Reports  on  Japanese  Canadians  in 
World  War  II.  Two  vols,  in  one.  1944/1947 

Canada,  Royal  Commission  on  Chinese  and  Japanese  Immigration. 
Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Chinese  and  Japanese 
Immigration.  1902 

Canada,  Royal  Commission  on  Chinese  Immigration.  Report  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Chinese  Immigration:  Report  and  Evidence.  1885 

Coman,  Katharine.  The  History  of  Contract  Labor  in  the  Hawaiian 
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1979 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

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